Chapter 2 An Introduction to ABA Concepts

Negative punishment

Stimulus removed/behavior decreases

teaching

The procedure that promotes learning by any combination of showing, telling, guiding, and differentially reinforcing efforts towards meeting behavioral objectives

Positive punishment

behavior decreases/ stimulus added

stimulus

An object or event that may influence behavior specific event or combination of events that may influence behavior

Behavioral Procedure

working in applied settings such as school homes and businesses

stimulus class

A group of stimuli that have a common effect on behavior

Unconditioned respondent

Behaviors elicited (evoke or draw out) by stimuli that precede those behaviors

Operant behaviors

Operant behavior is voluntary, controlled primarily by its consequences (that result in increase or decrease), and evoked. Respondent behavior is involuntary, controlled primarily by its antecedent stimuli, and elicited

Contingency

Specified relations between behavior and its antecedents (thing or event that existed before or logically precedes another) and consequences

Extinction

Withholding all reinforcement from the behavior's occurrence

Positive reinforcement

behavior increases / stimulus added Example: A parent is teaching her child to play in the backyard by spanking the child every time he steps in the front yard. Over a week's time, the child is stepping into the front yard more than previously. if the behavior is being increased instead, reinforcement is the process that is taking place. Because a stimulus is added (spanking is received), the specific process is positive reinforcement.

Negative reinforcement

behavior increases/ stimulus removed example: Joe scratches a mosquito bite and the itching is relieved. Subsequently, he scratches mosquito bites whenever he gets one. Scratching has been increased. The removal of the aversive stimulus (itching) came from the behavior of scratching, and scratching mosquito bites increased. This is an example of negative reinforcement.

Cochrane Collaboration

here is some evidence that EIBI is effective for some children with ASD More randomized control studies are needed to make stronger conclusions about the effects of EIBI Intellectual functioning. Adaptive behavior Communication Quality of life

environment

person behaves is considered its context (circumstances that form the setting for an event, statement)

Principle of behavior

scientifically derived rule of nature that describes the enduring and predictable relation between a biological organism responses and given arrangement of stimulus ( object and events that can influence behavior)

Respondent learning

the response component of a reflex; behavior that is elicited, or induced, by antecedent stimuli Key focus is on antecedent stimuli as the cause of behavior