Chapter 2 Biological Molecules/ Organic compounds

What is an enzyme?

An enzyme is a biological catalyst and is almost always a protein. It speeds up the rate of a specific chemical reaction in the cell. ... A cell contains thousands of different types of enzyme molecules, each specific to a particular chemical reaction.

What does macro mean?

Big

When we prepare our food, what are some examples of animal fats and plant oils we use?

Butter or plant oils such as olive oil or canola oil. There are many more type of lipids that are important to life

What is a carbohydrate?

Carbohydrates are an organic compound such as sugar or starch made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; its the major source of energy for the human body

Organic compounds are build around what element?

Carbon

which carbohydrate is a polysaccaride? A Carboxlyse B Glucose C Sucrose D Cellulose

D Cellulose. Carbohydrates are classified by their structure into monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Polysaccharides are composed of more than two monosaccharides joined together and are primarily used to store energy in cells. Polysaccharides used for energy storage include starch in plant cells and glycogen in animal cells. Some polysaccharides are also used structurally, including cellulose in plant cell walls.

What are the 2 types of nucleic acids?

DNA and RNA

What are nucleic acids?

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are the two main nucleic acids. DNA is a double-stranded nucleic acid. DNA is the molecule that stores our genetic information.

whats the difference between RNA and DNA?

Dna and double stranded, RNA is single stranded. RNA contains the sugar ribose, while DNA contains the slightly different sugar deoxyribose (a type of ribose that lacks one oxygen atom), and (b) RNA has the nucleobase uracil while DNA contains thymine.

Anything with ends with ase means it's going to be

Enzymes

What is the function of an enzyme?

Enzymes are a type of protein that speed up chemical reactions. They are known as "biological catalysts." For example, your stomach would not be able to break down food if it did not have special enzymes to speed up the rate of digestion.

What are different kinds of proteins

Enzymes: act as catalysts to speed up the rate of chemical reactions in the body (function) Structural: such as keratin and collagen, provides framework giving support to cellular structures. Contractile: work together to produce movement of muscle fibers by contracting and relaxing them. Immunological: proteins such as antibodies and interferons work to protect the body from infection.

Essential vs. Non-essential

Essential means we need to eat for it to get in our body Non-essential means our body already produces it

What are examples of monomers?

Examples of the monomers are glucose, vinyl chloride, amino acids, and ethylene. Every monomer can link up to form a variety of polymers in different ways. For example, in glucose, glycosidic bonds that bind sugar monomers to form polymers such as glycogen, starch, and cellulose.

whats the difference between slow release and fast release carbohydrates?

Fast releasing carbohydrates are called simple carbohydrates. By eating fast released carbohydrates , you increase your blood sugar rapidly and get a quick release of energy. In response, your body makes insulin, which lowers the glucose level. They are fast releasing because you get a burst of energy and the energy lasts only a short time.(can make u fat) Slow released carbs are also known as complex carbohydrates. These are healthy carbohydrates and are absorbed much more slowly into the body. As a result, the glucose contained in the carbohydrates is absorbed more slowly into the body and it doesn't cause a rapid spike in insulin. Complex carbohydrates are found in foods such as wholemeal and spelt grains, sweet potatoes, green vegetables, legumes, nuts, seeds and whole grain rice.

What is the difference between fat and oil?

Fat is solid at room temp, oil is liquid at room temp. Fact: Animals use fats for long-term energy storage and to keep warm. Plants use oils for long-term energy storage.

Animals store sugar in polysaccharides called

Glycogen

What determines the function of a protein?

Its shape and structure

What are the 3 types of RNA?

Messenger RNA (mRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Out of fructose, glucose, lactose, glycogen and starch, which ones are monosaccarides, polysaccarides or Disaccharides

Monsacharides: Fructose, glucose Disaccharides: Lactose Polysaccharides: Glycogen and starch and cellulose

What can cross the phospholipid bilayer?

Only small uncharged molecules can diffuse freely through phospholipid bilayers. Small nonpolar molecules, such as O2 (oxygen) ,CO2(carbon dioxide) and H2O (water) are soluble in the lipid bilayer and therefore can readily cross cell membranes.

Compare how plants and animals store carbohydrates

Plants store sugar in polysaccharides called starch and animals store sugar in polysaccharides called glycogen. Glycogen is stored in the animals liver and in muscle cells, whereas starch is stored in the roots, seeds, and leaves of plants.

Monsaccharides that are bonded together form what?

Polysaccharides

Carbohydrates also include long chains of connected sugar molecules. These long chains often consists of hundreds or thousands of monsaccharides bonded together to form what?

Polysaccharides (Cellulose consist of polysaccharides)

amino acids are the buliding blocks for what?

Proteins

What are the 3 main building blocks of the body?

Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids

What are the 4 main types of macromolecules found in living organisms?

Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucelic acids

What is the function of DNA?

Stores genetic information and contains instructions for making proteins

Nucleic acids are long chains of nucleotides. What are 3 things that make up nucleotides?

Sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and a phosphate group.

What is glucose?

Sugar. Its a simple sugar molecule with the chemical formula C6,H12,O6

What are triglycerides?

The two building blocks that compose triglycerides are fatty acids and glycerol. fats and oils

Macromolecules are made from smaller building blocks called what?

They are made of smaller molecules

What is the purpose and functions of proteins?

They do most of the work in cells and are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs

What is the most important role of Carbohydrates?

To store energy

True or False? Proteins are molecules

True

True or Flase Carbohydrates are sugars or long chains of sugars

True

True or false There are only 20 common amino acids needed to build proteins.

True, these amino acids form in thousands of different combinations, making about 100,000 or more unique proteins in humans. Proteins can differ in both the number and order of amino acids. It is the number and order of amino acids that determines the shape of the protein, and it is the shape (structure) of the protein that determines the unique function of the protein.

What are monomers?

a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.

Proteins are made up of monomers called?

amino acids. They connect together like beads on a necklace

What are lipids made of?

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, glycerol and fatty acids

What do all organic compounds contain?

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

DNA forms what is known as...

double helix

whats the difference between essential and non essential amino acids?

essential amino acids are amino acids that cannot be made by the body. These amino acids must come from a person's diet, as the human body lacks the metabolic pathways required to synthesize these amino acids. ... Nonessential amino acids do not need to come from the diet

What are examples of lipids?

fats, oils, and waxes, phospholipids, and steroids. the most common amongst us are fats and oils

You get the carbohydrates you need for energy from eating carbohydrate-rich foods like...

fruits and vegetables, as well as grains, such as bread, rice, or corn.

What are examples of fatty acids?

linoleic acid and linolenic acid (omega 3 and omega 6)

What are fatty acids?

lubricant ingredients derived from plant oils or animal fats. their the important components of structural lipids

what are two types of triglyceride?

saturated and unsaturated

What are monosaccharides?

simple sugars (glucose, fructose, galactose)

what are the 4 types of carbohydrates?

simple sugars, starch, fiber, and glycogen monosaccharides, polysaccharides, dissaccharides and oligosacharides

Plants store sugar in polysaccharides called

starch

What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base

Why are phospholipids important?

they make up the protective outer membrane of all cells. This membrane is very fluid and allows some things to pass into the cell, like oxygen. Two layers of them make up our cell membranes.

saturated and unsaturated fats

- saturated fats are full of hydrogen and are usually solid at room temperate. - unsaturated fats do not have as much hydrogen and are liquid at room temperature. Not fully saturated with hydrogen and instead have double bonds between carbons creating a bend in the fatty acid saturated looks straight unsaturated has a bend in it

what is the structure of amino acids?

-All amino acids have the same general structure. -A carboxyl group (-COOH) and an amino group (-NH2) attached to a carbon atom. -The difference between different amino acids is the variable group they contain. (R group). -All amino acids contain the chemical elements carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen. Some also contain sulfur.

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

3 types of carbohydrates Disaccharides consist of 2 monosaccharides while Polysaccharides consists of many monosaccharaides

DNA letters are

A, T, C, G

RNA letters are

A, U, C, G