Chapter 2-Evaluting nutrition info assignment

Some botanical products can cause ______ reactions that result in skin, sinus, or respiratory signs and symptoms.

allergic

Correlations are relationships between _____.

variables

A true nutrition experts _______.

- has extensive college coursework in nutrition. - is usually a registered dietitian. - has experience in the application of scientific methodology.

Which types of studies cannot establish cause and effect?

epidemiological

Which types of studies cannot establish cause and effect? Multiple choice question.

epidemiological

_____ promotes useless medical treatments.

nutrition misinformation

The evaluation of scientific, academic, or professional work by others working in the same field is called a _____ review.

peer

Cohort studies can be retrospective or

prospective

________ assignment of subjects to groups in a research study helps to ensure that members of treatment and control groups have similar characteristics. This enhances the validity of the study results.

random

Studying the different dietary practices and disease occurrences among populations, nutrition scientists may learn much about the influence of diet on health.

true

Epidemiologists use data from NHANES to determine the

- prevalence of major diseases. - national standards for height, weight, and blood pressure. - risk factors for major diseases.

The _____ Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees freedom of the press and speech, so people can provide false nutrition information.

1st

Fill in the blank question. Using a copper bracelet to treat arthritis is an example of ________.

quackery

A randomized controlled trial (RCT) must have members of the treatment and control groups assigned _____.

randomly

Choose the titles that are legally protected.

- registered dietitian - registered dietitian nutritionist

An example of an Internet website that might contain biased nutrition information is a______.

.com site

When a relationship between two variables is measured, a _____ can be established.

correlation

Epidemiology is the study of several characteristics of health problems in populations including______.

distribution and occurrence

Nutrient deficiency diseases are a result of ______.

poor diets, lack of proper nutrition

Epidemiologists often rely on ______ people to obtain health data.

survey of, physical exam of

When two variables have a relationship they are said to be in ________with each other but you cannot say there is a cause and effect relationship.

correlation

Choose examples of popular media sources that may provide inaccurate nutrition information.

- home shopping programs - internet websites - television shows

Experiments using whole, living organisms are classified as in __________, whereas "test tube" experiments are classified as in _________.

vivo, vitro

A characteristic or other factor that can change and influence an outcome is called a _____.

variable

Organize the basic steps of experimental epidemiological research in order from start to finish.

1. make observations 2. develop a hypothesis 3. design the study and draw conclusions 4. analyze data and draw conclusions 5. share with peers

The majority of healthcare practices and products such as massage therapy, homeopathy, and chiropractic manipulations ______ accepted by the medical community. Multiple choice question.

are not

When researchers find new evidence for better nutrition practices and expanded principles of nutrition, _____.

old beliefs and practices about nutrition are discarded

Nutrition researchers rely on the __________ method, which involves making observations, asking questions, and developing hypotheses.

scientific

For the results of an experiment to be accepted by the medical community, a study design must control for _____ that are not being tested. This is done with a control group.

variables

When Oprah goes on television saying that she lost 50 pounds following a special diet and exercise regime, this is considered _____ and is not reliable scientific information.

anecdotal

A website that is authored or sponsored by one person tends to provide ____ information.

biased

Diets that lack proper nutrition can lead to the development of nutrient __________ diseases.

deficiency

Information based on the results of scientific studies is called ______ _______ information. Multiple choice question.

evidence based

The use of dietary supplements _____ be shared with your doctor.

should

Why do nutrition recommendations change?

Scientists change their recommendations in light of new research findings.

A ___________group, which receives no treatment, allows researchers to determine if an experimental treatment has any effect.

control

To compare results between two study groups, to determine whether a treatment had an effect, a _____ group is necessary.

control

If a patient believes that a treatment will improve their illness, even if the treatment is a scam, they will likely see an improvement. This improvement is called _____.

the placebo effect

Match the type of supplement with its safety warning.

dietary supplements--> generally safe herbal supplements--->may have toxic effects

Much of the information about nutrition, especially in magazines, on the internet, or on television is not _____, or not supported by scientific evidence.

evidence based

_____ _____ _____ practices includes a variety of practices and products that are not accepted by the majority of physicians.

Alternative Health Care

A drug______.

- is a substance that alters body functions - may have beneficial as well as harmful effects - may be natural or man-made

Because epidemiological studies are based in observation and are not experimental, _____ cannot be established. Multiple choice question.

causation

Experiments using whole living organisms are classified as______.

in vivo experiments

Before an article can be published, a critical analysis of the article is conducted by fellow research colleagues. This process is called _____ ______.

peer review

True or false: Botanical products can evoke allergic and inflammatory reactions because they often contain pollens.

true

Which of the following health care professionals would have the most accurate and up-to-date nutrition information to offer?

Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RDN)

A(n) ___________ is a systematic way of testing a hypothesis.

experiment

A(n) ___________ is a possible explanation for an observation that guides scientific research.

hypothesis

Scientists make observations and generate questions which result in the formulation of a______.

hypothesis

Consumers need to be aware that medicinal herbs may contain substances that______.

interfere with the functions of prescription and over-the-counter medications

A ___________ , group, which receives no treatment, allows researchers to determine if an experimental treatment has any effect.

control

What is the term used for a chemical substance that alters body function and is strictly regulated by the FDA?

drug

A scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact is called a(n)______.

experiment

"Our patented Fat Buster System is guaranteed to take 2 inches off your waistline in the first week!" This claim raises which of the following red flags that indicate unreliable nutrition information?

promises of a quick fix

Observational epidemiological research includes______

case-control studies, cohort studies

A _________ is a factor such as a person's age, weight, or environment that can change and influence an outcome.

variable

Epidemiological studies _____ establish cause and effect.

cannot

What is considered the first step when conducting experimental research?

make observations

The most reliable nutrition advice is based on _____.

research

Because epidemiological studies are based in observation and are not experimental, _____ cannot be established.

causation

Which of the following occurs after completion of an experiment?

- Scientists seek to publish the results in scientific journals. - Scientists figure out if the findings support or disprove the hypothesis. - Scientists summarize the findings.

Researchers from Cornell University have written a manuscript about the impact of soy consumption on breast cancer risk. Which of the following people is best qualified to be a peer reviewer of the manuscript before it is published?

A researcher from the University of Illinois who specializes in soy research, but did not collaborate on the study

Which of the following is true about control groups?

The results of an experiment are unclear or inaccurate if no control group is used.

In 1994, Congress passed the ______, a law that classified vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and botanicals as foods, thereby limiting FDA's ability to regulate dietary supplements. Multiple choice question.

Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA)

Which of the following are true statements about medicinal herbs?

- They can interact negatively with medications. - They should be treated as drugs. - They can have negative interactions with other herbs.

The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994 defines a supplement as a product that______.

- contains one or more dietary ingredients - adds to a person's dietary intake

The RDN credential indicates that the person______.

- has completed rigorous classroom work in nutrition - has completed rigorous clinical training in nutrition

Major nutrition organizations put together a list of red flags that signal poor nutrition advice. These include which of the following?

- recommendations that promise a quick fix - claims that sound too good to be true - recommendations based on a single study

Consumers need to be skeptical of nutrition and health-related claims because______.

- the FDA cannot prevent the spread of published misinformation - nutrition misinformation can be spread through a variety of sources - promoters of worthless nutrition products are good marketers

The best term that describes a personal endorsement of a product is called a(n) ________. These endorsements are biased and often found in advertisements for various products.

testimony

When a friend tells you she is taking a vitamin B complex supplement and she feels more energetic as a result, she is sharing an ____________, or a report of a personal experience.

anecdote