Chapter 2: Group Development
What are 4 categories of norms?
Regardless of whether norms are explicitly communicated or implicitly understood, they can be divided into four categories: *1. Interaction Norms*: Specify how group members should communicate with one another (Implicit: Use "we" rather than "I"; Explicit: Leader makes sure everyone speaks *2. Procedural Norms*: Specify how the group should operate and what structured procedures it should use ( Implicit: Turn off cellphones; Explicit: Agendas given in advance) *3. Status norms specify the levels of influence among group members and how status (prestige, respect, power) is established or earned in the group (Implicit: Leader sits at the head of table; Explicit: When a group vote is tied, the leader casts the deciding vote) *4. Achievement norms specify the quality and quantity of work expected from group members; help members determine how much time and energy they should devote to working in a particular group (Implicit: Everyone shows up on time for meetings; Explicit: All members must have full references for any reports or research they cite)
What are some suggestions for managing the adjourning stage?
*1.* Acknowledge and celebrate the group's accomplishment *2.* Recognize individual members' contributions toward the group's foal *3.* Sustain friendships developed within the group by maintaining contact with those members after the group disbands *4.* Evaluate your role in the group's success
Norming: What are some ways to successfully navigate the norming stage?
*1.* Clarify the tasks necessary for achieving the group's goal *2.* Identify each member's responsibilities and roles within the group *3.* Keep members focused on the group's tasks *4.* Encourage collaborative work relationships among members *5.* Recognize and adapt to differences among members *6.* Modify or eliminate destructive or counterproductive behaviors *7.* Resolve conflicts constructively, and use agreed upon decision-making procedures
Performing: What are some ways to help your group collaborate effectively during the performing stage?
*1.* Devote time to planning how the group will make decisions, solve problems, and achieve its common goal *2.* Stay focused on completing your assigned tasks *3.* Encourage collaboration and innovation *4.* Solve problems as they arise and make the decisions necessary for achieving the group's goal *5.* Use constructive conflict resolution methods when disagreements occur *6.* Adapt to group expectations for communicating with members, following groups procedures, and meeting the standards of quality *7.* Evaluate the group's processes and progress regularly *8.* Encourage creativity, innovation, and constructive criticism
What are hidden agendas?
*A. Hidden agendas*: Occur when one or more members have undisclosed reasons for doing something that will benefit only individual members rather than the group as a whole
Describe Tuckman's Group Development Model.
*A. Tuckman's Group Development Model*: Model that identifies four discrete stages in the life cycle of groups - forming, storming, norming, and performing (+ adjourning added later) -However, be cautious that Tuckman's group development model is linear while many groups don't move through each successive stage systematically or as though they are running a clearly marked obstacle course *B. Stages* *1. Forming*: Members are socially cautious and polite -Must deal with primary tension -Must deal with socialization *2. Storming*: Members compete for status and openly disagree -Establish roles -Must deal with secondary tension *3. Norming*: Members resolve status conflicts and establish norms *4. Performing*: Members assume appropriate roles and work productively *5. Adjourning*: Members disengage and relinquish responsibilities
What are 3 ways to deal with members whose disruptive behavior becomes destructive?
1. Accept 2. Confront 3. Exclude
What is collective intelligence?
A. *Collective Intelligence*: A phenomenon in which "smart" groups are more likely to succeed when members are sensitive to one another'sfeelings, promote equal participation, and include female members
What is conformity? What factors help contribute to conformity?
A. *Conformity*: Occurs when group members adopt attitudes and actions that adhere to group norms and are favored by a majority of group members B. Most likely to conform when one or more of the following factors are present: -1. You want to continue group membership -2. You have a lower status -3. You feel obligated to conform -4. You get along with the group members -5. You may be punished for violating norms and/or rewarded for compliance
What is group motivation? what is extrinsic vs. intrinsic motivation?
A. *Group Motivation*: Provides the inspiration and/or incentives that move group members to work together to achieve a common goal B. -*1. Extrinsic Motivation:* The incentives that comes from external sources, such as a boss or business, a teacher or coach, a friend, family member, or role model (Ex. Positive ex: Hoping your boss will give you a promotion for a job well done / Negative ex: Fear of getting fired for doing a poor job) -*2. Intrinsic Motivation:* Constitutes rewards that come from internal sources inherent in a particular activity -These reward take the forms of pride in doing good work and achieving a challenging goal as well as a sense of personal accomplishment -Every group has the potential to make group work an optimal experience for members by using the four categories of motivators to energize and reinforce an entire group: a sense of meaningfulness, a sense of choice, a sense of competence, and a sense of progress
Forming: What is primary tension? What are some ways to reduce it?
A. *Primary tension*: The social unease and inhibitions experienced by group members during the getting-acquainted stage of a group's development; members are usually overly polite to create a good first impression B. Reducing Primary Tension: 1. Recognize and discuss primary tension 2. Get acquainted with members 3. Create a supportive and comfortable communication environment 4. Participate in but don't dominate the discussion 5. Be prepared and informed before your first meeting so you can help the group focus on its task 6. Clarify the group's purpose or assignment 7. Be patient and open-minded
Storming: What is secondary tension? What are some ways to reduce it?
A. *Secondary tension*: Tension characterized by the frustrations and personality conflicts experienced by group members as they compete with one another for acceptance and achievement -Whereas primary tension arises from lack of confidence, secondary tension emerges when members have gained enough confidence to become assertive as they pursue positions of power B. Managing Secondary Tension: 1. Joke about the tension 2. Explain the group development stages so members understand why problems are occurring and should diminish 3. Recognize conflict during the storming stage is inevitable and necessary 4. Make sure that group members fully understand and agree to the group's common goal and task requirements by the end of the storming stage 5. Discuss how the group will approach decision making and problem solving 6. Discuss members' potential contributions toward achieving the group's goal 7. Consider your role and how you can contribute toward achieving the group's goal 8. Consider your role and how you can contribute to the group's work 9. Participate in the group's discussion
Forming: What is socialization? What are the five phases?
A. *Socialization*: A process in which members communicate with one another in order to acquire or adjust to social knowledge, behavioral expectations, and skills necessary to function effectively in a group B. Five Phases of the Socialization Process *1. Phase 1: Preliminary phase*: A newcomer brings beliefs and attitudes, cultural dimensions, needs and motives, communication skills, personality traits, knowledge, and prior group experiences to a group *2. Phase 2: Acquainting Phase*: Members of an established group determine if a newcomer meets the group's needs and expectations *3. Phase 3: Adaptive Phase*: Newcomers try to fit in and adjust to group expectations *4. Phase 4: Assimilation Phase*: Newcomers become fully integrated into the group's culture 5. Phase 5: Exit Phase*: A newcomer may leave an established group
What are 4 intrinsic motivations?
*1. A Sense of Meaningfulness*: The shared feeling that the group is pursuing a worthy task creates a *2. A Sense of Choice*: The shared feeling that the group has the power and ability to make decisions about how to organize and do its job *3. A Sense of Competence*: The shared feeling that the group is doing excellent high-quality work *4. A Sense of Progress*: The shared feeling that the group is doing excellent high-quality work is a
What are key questions for setting group goals?
*1. Clarity*: Is the goal clear, specific, and measurable if achieved? *2. Challenge*: Do members see the goal as meaningful, realistic, and attainable? Are they dedicated to achieving the goal? *3. Commitment*: Do members see the goal as meaningful, realistic, and attainable? Are they dedicated to achieving the goal? *4. Compatibility*: Can both group and individual goals be achieved? *5. Cooperation*: Does the goal require collaboration among group members? *6. Cost*: Does the group have adequate resources, such as time and materials, to achieve the goal?
What are norms and what are two types?
*A. Norms*: Expectations concerning the kinds of behaviors and opinions that are acceptable or unacceptable in a particular group; norms are a group's accepted rules of behavior that, when followed, ensure effective collaboration among group members -5 Functions: Norms express the values and ethical standards of the group, help the group function efficiently and effectively, define appropriate and inappropriate task and social behavior, enhance productivity in the performing stage of group development, ensure group survival when faced with threatening challenges *B. Types of Norms*: -*1. Explicit Norms*: Group norms that are written or stated verbally and shared with all group members; often imposed on a group by a leader or someone outside the group (Ex. Required to wear name tags) -*2. Implicit Norms*: Group norms that are rarely discussed or openly communicated, but are still expected rules of behavior; evolve as members interact with one another (Ex. Seating arrangements)
What is nonconformity? What are two types?
A. *Noncomformity*: Occurs when a member's behavior does not reflect the norms or expectations of the group B. 2 Types of Norms: *1. Constructive Nonconformity*: Occurs when a member resists conforming to norms as a way of alerting members about problems that may prevent the group from achieving its common goal *2. Destructive Nonconformity*: Occurs when a member resists conforming to norms without regard for the best interests of the group and its goals
