chapter 2 health

psychoanalysis

a form of therapy developed by Freud in which memories are brought into the conscious mind so that inner conflicts can be resolved

what is psychoanalysis

a form of therapy that involves unlocking childhood memories and bringing them into the conscious mind to resolve inner conflicts

extrovert

a friendly outgoing person

psychologist

a health professional who studies the human mind and behavior and helps people with emotional problems psychologists usually have two to six years of training beyond college

describe a mentally healthy person

a mentally healthy person is comfortable with himself or herself, with others, and with his or her surroundings

pessimist

a person who focuses on the negative side of things and expects an unfavorable outcome

optimist

a person who focuses on the positive side of things and expects a favorable outcome

introvert

a person whose thoughts and feelings are directed inward

define the term emotion

a reaction to a situation that involves a persons mind, body, and ways of behaving

give an example of a situation in which using a defense mechanism is beneficial

a situation in which a defense mechanism provides a temporary relief and enough time to think the problem through clearly

coping strategy

a way of dealing with an uncomfortable or unbearable feeling or situation

aggressive

communicating ones opinion and feels in a waya that may seem threatening or disrespectful to others

personality

consists of the unique combinations of traits that mane you an individual

modeling

copying the behavior of others

grief

deep sorrow

define personality and list the traits involved

extrovert introvert optimist pessimist assertive passive aggressive

what factors affect self esteem

factors affecting self esteem include the attitude and behavior of family, friends, and community, being given the chance to succeed at tasks, and world influences received through the media

what are some important influences on a persons self esteem

family members, teachers, and friends; positive achievements and encouragement; media messages

emotion

feeling a reaction to a situation that involves a persons mind body and behavior

how did Freud Ericson and Maslow believe that an individuals personality develops

freud believed that people often push unpleasant or frightening thoughts into their unconscious. these unconscious thoughts influence the individuals personality even though he or she may not be aware of their effects Erikson believes that an individuals personality continues to be influenced by experiences beyond childhood and that people continue to develop socially and psychologically up until their death. erikson devised an eight stage theory of personality development. each phase of life has its own particular task to work on. if each task is accomplished in a satisfactory way it has a positive effect on personality development. if , however, the task is not worked out in a satisfactory way, it has a negative effect on personality development. Maslow theorized that everyone has a basic drive to achieve his or her full potential, self actualization. maslow believes that before people could achieve self actualization, their basic needs had to be met. maslow put these needs in an ascending order, called the hierarchy of needs.

how can guilt and fear be positive emotions? how can they be negative emotions?

guilt is a positive emotion when it prevents wrong doing; it is a negative emotion when it causes self doubt. fear is a positive emotion when it helps one preserve ones life; a negative emotion when it causes avoidance behavior or violence

how does an individual's personality form

heredity and environment

explain how heredity and environment interact to shape personality

heredity determines many biological, intellectual, and personality traits that are then molded by environmental influences, the behavior, attitudes, feelings, and values of family, peers, school, and the community

passive

holding back ones feelings and yielding to others

define the term self esteem

how much a person likes and feels good about himself or herself

self esteem

how much one likes and feels good about oneself self respect

according to erikson what three conflicts must adults resolve

intimacy versus isolation generativity versus stagnation and ego integrity versus despair

why is self esteem important to health

it influences positive health behaviors; people who feel good about themselves are more likely to eat well and exercise regularly, set personal goals, ask for help, and bounce back quickly from disappointments

name five common emotions

love, anger, fear, guilt, happiness, sadness

why should you avoid using defense mechanism too frequently

overuse can stunt emotional growth, prevent one from expressing ones true emotions; prevent one from developing skills important for mental health

peer group

people who are about the same age and share similar interests

identify ways to improve self esteem

take an inventory of your strengths and weaknesses. learn to focus on your strengths and build on the things you do well. select friends who will support you and encourage you to do your best. when you experience defeat, avoid dwelling on it, try to learn something positive from the experience and move on. practice good health habits, a healthy diet, regular exercise, and good grooming habits will help you feel good about yourself. avoid doing things just to go along with the crowd, you will feel better about yourself when you do do thing that match your values. set goals for yourself, map out a plan to help you achieve your goals. take some time each day to do something you really enjoy. avoid negative thinking, substitute positive thoughts like i can do it if i try for negative thoughts like ill never be able to do this. develop a sense of humor learn to laugh at yourself rather than taking everything seriously. do something nice for others consider helping out more at home or doing volunteer work in your community. reward yourself when you do something well learn to accept compliments when others give them.

according to erikson, what conflict do teenagers face

teenagers are involved in a search for identity defining who they are and what they want to achieve

how does self esteem affect health

teens with low self esteem are more likely to use drugs, deop out of school, become pregnant, and suffer eating disorders. they are also more likely to engage in violent or self destructive behaviors. high self esteem on the other hand is an important influence on positive behaviors. if you feel good about yourself, you will be more likely to eat well and to exercise regularly. you will be more inclined to set goals for yourself, ask for help when you need it, and bounce back quickly from setbacks and disappointments

explain why love is such a positive and important emotion

the capacity to give and receive love is essential for living a fulfilled life and for mental health

mental health

the state of being comfortable with oneself with others and with ones surrounding

define the term personality

the unique combination of traits that make a person an individual

conscious thoughts

those thoughts of which a person is aware

unconscious thoughts

those thoughts of which a person is not aware

explain how environment can influence personality

through childhood experiences, including modeling the behavior of family members and through the influences of peers, school, and community

list two harmful coping strategies that people use to cope with strong emotions. next to each gibe a reason why it is a harmful response

two harmful coping strategies are the use of alcohol or other drugs, which creates more problems and may worsen physical and mental health; and withdrawing from family and friends which removes a source of help, encouragement, and support

what is one major difference between Freuds view of personality developlment and Ericsons view

unlike freud erikson believes that in individuals personality continues to be influenced by experiences beyond the childhood years

identity

who a person is a persons distinct personality or individuality

what are some negative coping strategies

withdrawing from your friends and family, using alcohol or other drugs, acting out violently

what are some positive ways to cope with strong emotions

-confront the situation head on. if possible take action to improve the situation - release your built up energy my exercising, cleaning your room, or being actibe in some other way - take a break by reading a book, taking a walk, writing in your journal, or otherwise relaxing -talk through your feelings with a family member, friend, counselor, or other trusted person

list 5 characteristics of a mentally healthy person

-realistic about strengths and weaknesses -able to take on the responsibilities of daily living -caring toward themselves and others -able to handle disappointments and learn from them -able to feel enjoyment and a sense of achievement

what did Freud believe to be the most important influence on personality

Freud believed early childhood experiences and conflicts were the most important influences

compare and contrast the personality theories of Freud, Erikson, and Maslow

Freud emphasized early childhood experiences and believed that mental health is obtained through resolution of inner conflicts Erikson says personality develops throughout life in eight basic stages Maslow states that everyone has a basic drive to achieve his or her fullest potential through a five step process, from basic needs fulfillment to self actualization

id

according to Freud the part of the personality that consists of biological urges such as huger and thirst

superego

according to Freud the part of the personality that judge the right and the wrong the conscious

ego

according to Freud the thoughtful decision making part of the personality

hierarchy of needs

according to Maslow the order in which a persons basic needs must be met

self actualization

according to Maslow the process by which each person strives to be all that he or she can

depression

an emotional state in which the person feels hopeless and worthless

theory

an organized set of ideas used to explain something

defense mechanism

an unconscious coping strategy a way of defending oneself against difficult feelings

list and define 6 common defense mechanisms

rationalization: making excuses for actions or feelings. example, you work in a convenience store on weekends. when no one is watching, you take some candy and magazines, you figure out its a large store and they can afford it. compensation: making up for weaknesses in one area by excelling in another area. example, you do poorly in school so you make up for it by becoming the lead saxophone player in the school band and starting up your own jazz band denial:refusing to recognize the existence of an emotion or problem. example, your parents are getting divorced but you act as though nothing is wrong. when concerned friends ask how you feel about it, you laugh and tell them it doesn't bother you. reaction formation: behaving in a way opposite to the way you're feeling. example you feel guilty smoking a cigarette you cover up your feelings by bragging to your friends about smoking projection: putting your own faults onto another person. example at your after school job you do not complete your tasks. when you get fired, you blame your boss, saying she or he didn't take the time to explain the tasks to you regression: returning to immature behaviors to express emotions. example, you are mad at your brother for using your bicycle. you scream at him and your parents run into your room, and slam the door.

list the 10 personality traits of self actualized people

realistic accepting independent, self sufficient appreciative of life concerned about humankind capable of loving others fair, unprejudiced creative hardworking not afraid to be different

list five characteristics of mentally healthy people

realistic about strengths and weaknesses; able to take on responsibilities of daily living caring toward self and others ;able to handle disappointments and learn from them; able to feel enjoyment and a sense of achievement

what are some of the characteristics of someone who has achieved self actualization

realistic, accepting, independent, and self sufficient, appreciative of life, concerned about humankind, capable of loving others, fair and unprejudiced, creative, hardworking, not afraid to be different

assertive

self assured able to stand up for oneself and express feelings in a nonthreatening way