Chapter 2: Learning module & Mastery activities

the same basic morality.

Recent research on babies has shown that babies prefer honest people over dishonest ones. This research is consistent with other findings showing that children globally have: the same basic morality. socialization. social awareness. intuition.

"slow" chemical communication

The endocrine system is the body's _____ system.. electrochemical information "slow" chemical communication reproductive voluntary muscle-control

Freudian psychologists.

The tendency to emphasize the impact of parents' child-raising practices on children's personalities has been MOST characteristic of: behavior geneticists. Freudian psychologists. gender schema theorists. evolutionary psychologists.

hormones.

Her boss tells Navi some news that disturbs her, but a phone call from her spouse distracts her. After Navi gets off the phone, she has a lingering feeling that something is not quite right, but she cannot pinpoint what it is. It is likely that Navi is reacting to the continued effect of: serotonin. neurotransmitters. action potentials. hormones.

common evolutionary ancestor.

Humans' and chimpanzees' genetic codes are 99.4 percent functionally identical. This similarity is due to a(n): common evolutionary ancestor. common environment. genetic mutation. unknown cause.

evoke

Identical twins have nearly identical appearance and personality. Because of this, they typically _____ identical responses from those around them. receive demand evoke instigate

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

If a researcher is interested in measuring both the structure and function of the brain, which technique might one recommend? electroencephalogram (EEG) brain lesioning magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

more variation within

Is there more variation between or within human populations? more variation between more variation within equal variation between and within variation varies by trait

norepinephrine

Jaime is watching his favorite television program and sees a commercial for a new medication. It states that the medication can alleviate depression. "Since depression is a chemical imbalance, new Venlafaxine extended release can help with mood, sleep, arousal, and alertness by working on the two key neurotransmitters involved in depression." These two neurotransmitters are serotonin and _____.

asking his day-care center to serve broccoli and seat him with classmates who like to eat it.

Though a mom begs and pleads, she has no success in coaxing her preschooler to eat broccoli. She might try to use peer influence by: asking his day-care center to isolate him while he is eating lunch. asking his day-care center to serve broccoli and seat him with classmates who like to eat it. giving him a time-out for not eating the broccoli at dinner. showing him how much his mom loves broccoli by eating it in front of him with a smile on her face.

a combination of genetic and social.

Throughout history and ongoing today, there are cultures where men are routinely violent to loved ones and strangers alike. Yet, their progeny may be raised in a different culture and be gentle and kind. This example illustrates that behaviors are: largely genetic in origin. neither genetic nor social. Incorrect: largely social in origin. largely social in origin. a combination of genetic and social.

EEG.

To monitor the electrical activity in the brain that is triggered by hearing one's own name, researchers would make use of a(n): MRI. EEG. PET scan. brain lesion.

positron emission tomography (PET)

To obtain a scan using _____, a patient is injected with (or ingests) a low, harmless dose of a short-lived radioactive glucose. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) an electroencephalogram (EEG) positron emission tomography (PET)

evolutionary psychology

Using the principles of natural selection, _____ attempts to study how behavior and the mind have been shaped over time.

parietal

A highly efficient computer engineer would MOST likely have larger _____ lobes.

thalamus

The _____ is to sensory input as an old-fashioned switchboard was to telephone calls.

role.

A college instructor is expected to teach classes, assess student work, and advise students. These expectations are part of a college instructor's: role. script. schema. type.

The rats in the enriched environment will have significantly larger cerebral cortexes.

A local high school is running an experiment with a colony of infant rats. Half of the infant rats are isolated in barren cages and the other half live together in an enriched environment with lots of rat toys and exercise equipment. What would the expected outcome be at the end of the school year? The isolated rats will have significantly heavier and thicker cerebral cortexes. The rats in the enriched environment will have significantly larger cerebral cortexes. There will be no difference between the two types of rats. The isolated rats will be overweight.

inhibitory

A neuron will fire if excitatory signals are stronger than _____ signals.

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A researcher is conducting a series of brain scans by using radio waves to briefly disrupt the activity in participants' brains as they complete decision-making tasks. The researcher is using _____ to examine the brain's activity. an electroencephalogram (EEG) single-cell recording functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) positron emission tomography (PET)

intersexual

A(n) _____ individual has ambiguous or inconsistent indicators of male or female in the sexual structures or organs. intersexual homosexual transgender androgynous

glucose

Active neurons require _____ the way a car requires fuel. electricity hormones oxygen glucose

central; peripheral

At the broadest level, the nervous system is divided into the _____ and the _____ nervous systems. primary; secondary somatic; autonomic sympathetic; parasympathetic central; peripheral

natural selection.

Bacteria that resist a hospital's antibiotics rapidly multiply as other bacteria die off. This BEST illustrates: collectivism. heritability. behavior genetics. natural selection.

due more to heredity than environment.

Blaine, an upper-middle-class, White high school student from a good home, compares his intelligence quotient (IQ) score to that of his best friend, Reese, who comes from an identical background. There is a 15-point difference in IQ scores. Based on what researchers have determined about the varying contributions of environment and heredity to intelligence, one can assume that the difference in the boys' scores is: due more to environment than heredity. due more to heredity than environment. due equally to heredity and environment. unexplainable.

roles

Brad has noticed that the girls he has gone out with still expect him to pay the bill when they go out even though they may have asked him out in the first place. These expectations are called gender: identities. roles. type. schema.

electroencephalogram (EEG).

Brent is taking part in an experiment in a cognitive neuroscience lab. Silently, he reads rapid sequences of words flashed on a computer screen. The electrical activity of his brain is simultaneously recorded through skull electrodes. The technique used in this study is: an electroencephalogram (EEG). functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). positron emission tomography (PET).

behavior genetics

Dr. Matsuo studies the relative influence of heredity and environment on emotional intelligence. Her research belongs to the field of: clinical psychology. experimental psychopathology. developmental psychology. . behavior genetics.

evolutionary psychologist.

Dr. Miller is working on a research grant about the adaptive value of certain personality traits. Dr. Miller is MOST likely a(n): molecular geneticist. biological psychologist. behavior geneticist. evolutionary psychologist.

TED

Dr. Render is a neuropsychologist who works with postsurgical patients who have had surgery to sever the corpus callosum (to reduce severe seizures). When she presents the word "SAL-TED" to one patient, "SAL" transmits to his left visual field and "TED" to his right visual field. She then asks him to tell her what he saw. What does this patient say? TED SAL detlas salted

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) functional magnetic

Dr. Snell studies the part of the brain that is active when people are lying. She asks half of her participants to tell the truth about an event from their childhoods and half to tell a lie about an event from their childhoods. Which brain imaging techniques should she use to detect brain areas that are active when the participants are lying? an electroencephalogram (EEG) resonance imaging (fMRI) polygraph (lie detector machine) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

neural networks.

Dr. Spanos is interested in studying how the approximately 400 trillion synapses of an adult brain are organized into an information-processing system. He should consider studying: action potential. neurotransmitters. the peripheral nervous system. neural networks.

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

John was injured in a car accident after which he lost consciousness for 10 minutes. He sustained numerous injuries and, most importantly, had a large, open wound on his head. When he arrived at the emergency room, the attending physician immediately ordered which neuroimaging technique to rule out any soft-tissue damage to the brain? an electroencephalogram (EEG) positron emission tomography (PET) single-cell recording magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

mutation.

Martha's child was born with an extra chromosome resulting in Down syndrome. This is an example of: mutation. collectivism. natural selection. heritability.

two individuals from the same small village in Denmark.

Of these, the greatest genetic differences are MOST likely to be found between: a group of Swedes and a group of Koreans. a group of Canadians and a group of Koreans. two individuals from the same small village in Denmark. a group of Canadians and a group of Americans.

identity

Owen considers himself, based on his psychological sense of himself, to be male. This self-perception could be characterized as Owen's gender ______.

antagonists

People who suffer from schizophrenia have, among other things, an excess of dopamine. Therefore, medications used to treat this disorder are dopamine _____.

evocative

People with autism spectrum disorder have a tendency to be aloof, so that they keep a distance from others that feels emotionally manageable to them. In this case, aloofness is a(n) _____ trait. evocative hereditary random environmental

It is unlikely she will be able to master any language.

Recently, there was a horrible story about a 14-year-old girl who was kept in isolation by her parents and was not exposed to any type of language. Now that she is out of isolation, what is the MOST likely outcome for her language development? In a normal family environment, she will be able to master a language. With special training and a normal family environment, she will be able to master a language. It is unlikely she will be able to master any language. In an enriched environment, she will be able to master a language.

positively

The tactile sensitivity of a body part is _____ related to the amount of somatosensory cortex devoted to processing its sensations. not positively negatively inversely

evolutionary psychology

Sam's sister has an independent study proposal due next week, and she has asked for help deciding on a topic. She is interested in studying what makes humans so similar to each other. On which of these subfields of psychology would he recommend she focus? clinical neuropsychology biological psychology molecular genetics evolutionary psychology

attention span

Steven Pinker, a world-renowned evolutionary psychologist, states that many human traits are due to evolutionary heritage. Which trait is NOT one thought to be due primarily to natural selection? emotions reasoning attention span drives

dopamine

Sue has Parkinson's disease. She takes medication that increases the level of _____.

enetics.

Temperament is MOST strongly influenced by: religion. culture. parenting style. genetics.

biological

Temperament, the precursor to personality, is a(n) _____ construct. biological variable environmental random

parasympathetic

The _____ nervous system conserves energy, while the sympathetic nervous system consumes energy.

Plato

The classical Greek philosopher, _____, asserted that the mind was located in the head rather than the heart.

culture

The concept of _____ refers to more than just being social. It allows enduring ideas and traditions shared by a group of people to be transmitted from one generation to the next. For example, although chimpanzees are social animals, their lives function in pretty much the same way they did 10,000 years ago. Humans, on the other hand, are living in a way their ancestors from 200 years ago could not imagine. normative behavior personal space culture collectivism

brain, pituitary gland, other glands, hormones, body and brain.

The correct order of the feedback system that reveals the intimate connection of the nervous and endocrine systems is: brain, pituitary gland, other glands, body and brain, hormones. pituitary gland, brain, other glands, hormones, body and brain. brain, pituitary gland, other glands, hormones, body and brain. brain, other glands, pituitary gland, hormones, body and brain.

amygdala

The limbic system structure that influences aggression is called the _____.

reticular formation.

The nerve network that connects the spinal cord and the thalamus and helps control arousal is the: medulla. amygdala. reticular formation. cerebellum.

sensory neurons

The peripheral nervous system includes _____, which carry/carries messages from the body to the central nervous system. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. the spinal cord the reticular formation sensory neurons association areas

People who grow up together, biologically related or not, do not resemble one another in personality.

What is the supposedly stunning finding referred to in the text that was implied from studies of hundreds of adoptive families? People who grow up together, whether biologically related or not, resemble one another in personality. People who grow up apart, biologically related or not, do not resemble one another in personality. People who grow up together, and are biologically related, do not resemble one another in personality. People who grow up together, biologically related or not, do not resemble one another in personality.

a larger number of synapses

When scientists compared the brains of rats raised in an enriched environment with the brains of rats raised in an impoverished environment, the rats raised in an enriched environment had: a smaller number of synapses. a larger number of synapses. a smaller cerebral cortex. less curiosity about their environment.

family history.

When studying diseases with potential genetic influences, scientists are MOST likely to first examine: DNA. family history. behavioral differences. individual medical records.

somatic

Whenever one turns the pages of a book, uses a pen to take notes, or raises one's hand, one's actions are made possible by the ______ nervous system. autonomic somatic sympathetic parasympathetic

norepinephrine

Which of these chemical messengers is both a neurotransmitter and a hormone? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. acetylcholine serotonin norepinephrine dopamine

Mutations help identify gene function.

Why do behavioral genetics researchers find genetic mutations so interesting? Humans are generally very similar. Behavioral geneticists are interested in differences. Mutations support the theory of evolution. Mutations help identify gene function.

role

Your neighbors have three children and both parents work. Without fail, whenever there is a sick child in the family, the expectation is that the mother will stay home to care for the child. The mother is fulfilling a set of expectations called a gender: role. schema. identity. type.

acetylcholine (ACh)

the messenger at every junction between motor neurons (which carry information from the brain and spinal cord to the body's tissues) and skeletal muscles.