chapter 2 quiz human development

A zygote:

1) Contains the combined genetic information from both parents 2) Implants in the lining of the uterus during the germinal period 3) Is formed when the sperm fertilizes the egg 4) All of the above

Human cells carry ______ chromosomes in the nucleus of each cell.

46

A baby is considered to be of "low birth weight" if they weigh less than _______ at birth.

5lbs 8onces

Jess is naturally athletically inclined and thus seeks out opportunities to participate in sports. This is an example of a(n) ___________ genotype-environment correlation.

Active

A factor influencing the effect that teratogens have on prenatal development is:

Amount of exposure 2) Being male or female 3) Timing of exposure 4) All of the above

__________ is a temporary lack of oxygen to the brain that can result in brain damage or, in severe cases, death.

Anoxia

The Apgar assessment is used to assess functioning:

At one and five minutes after birth

_________ contractions are also called "false labor".

Braxton-Hicks

__________ development occurs from head to tail.

Cephalocaudal

_____________ is a condition that affects breathing and digestion due to thick mucus building up in the body, especially the lungs and digestive system.

Cystic fibrosis

Babies born to women with gestational diabetes will be diabetic themselves.

False

Women who develop diabetes during pregnancy will be permanently diabetic after giving birth.

False

Monozygotic twins are also called:

Identical twins

___________ results when an extra X chromosome is present in the cells of a male and the resulting zygote has an XXY composition.

Klinefelter syndrome

The emphasis of the __________ method is on teaching the woman to be in control in the process of delivery by encouraging things like muscle relaxation and breathing through contractions.

Lamaze

_________ is defined as the cell's nucleus making an exact copy of all the chromosomes and splitting into two new cells.

Mitosis

Missed The processes by which genetic factors contribute to variations in the environment are called:

NOT Ploymerase chain reaction

MISSED When the blastocyst has implanted in the uterine wall at the end of the germinal period, it's now called a(n):

NOT Zygote

In addition to the Apgar assessment, we can also assess newborn functioning using the:

Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale

Prenatal brain development begins in the third gestational week with the differentiation of stem cells, which are located in the :

Neural plate

The formation of neurons is called:

Neurogenesis

An active genotype-environment correlation is also known as:

Niche picking

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in your book as an illness that can cause problems during prenatal development?

Not influenza

Infants who weigh less than 90% of all babies of the same gestational age are referred to as:

Not small-for-date

___________ is a complication of pregnancy in which placenta lies low in the uterus and covers all or part of the cervix.

Placenta previa

The embryo's internal organs develop before its fingers do. This is an example of _________ development.

Proximodistal

Genes that express themselves in the phenotype express themselves only when paired with a similar version of that gene are called:

Recessive

The primary way that smoking tobacco affects prenatal development is by:

Reducing the amount of oxygen available to the fetus

Which of the following emotional states is NOT mentioned in your book as a cause of problems during prenatal development?

Schizophrenia

_________ is caused by enzyme deficiency resulting in the accumulation of lipids in the nerve cells of the brain. This accumulation results in progressive damage to the cells, a decrease in cognitive and physical development, and early death.

Tay-Sachs disease

__________ are environmental factors that can contribute to birth defects.

Teratogens

The most common cause of chromosomal abnormalities is:

The age of the mother

Whether we are genetically male or female depends on:

The sex chromosomes we inherit from our parents

the outer layer of the blastocyst is called the:

Trophoblast

Being an older parent is associated with more medical risks, but there are also possible positive consequences, such as increased stability and better income.

True

Both mothers under age 15 and over age 35 are at increased risk of having premature babies.

True

___________ occurs when part or all of one of the X chromosomes is lost and the resulting zygote has an XO composition.

Turner syndrome

Dizygotic twins are formed when:

Two eggs or ova are released and fertilized by two separate sperm

The ___________ is a test in which sound waves are used to examine the fetus.

Ultrasound

The first chance of survival outside the womb, known as the age of ___________, is reached at about 24 weeks gestational age.

Viability

Regions of the brain that contain the axons that form the neural pathways are referred to as the:

White matter

People who have inherited only one recessive gene are called:

carriers

Regions of the brain that contain the cell bodies are referred to as the:

grey matter

Most of the cells in the human body are created by the process of:

mitosis

_________ genotype-environment correlation occurs when the social environment reacts to individuals based on their inherited characteristics.

not passive

Josh's parents really enjoy music and are talented at it, so they expose Josh to a lot of music in hopes that he turns out the same way. This is an example of a(n) ___________ genotype-environment correlation.

passive

___________ is a complication of pregnancy in which the placenta separates prematurely from the uterine wall.

placenta abruption

The embryo's head is larger than the rest of its body. This is an example of _________ development.

proximodistal

In the Apgar assessment, the P stands for:

pulse

______________ is a parasite found in cat feces, dirt, and uncooked meats and can cause problems during prenatal development.

toxoplasma gondii

The outer layer of the blastocyst is called the:

trophoblast

The third stage of labor involves:

Delivery of the placenta

____________ is a weakening of the muscles resulting in an inability to move, wasting away, and possible death.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

___________ is a complication of pregnancy in which the fertilized egg implants itself outside of the uterus.

Ectopic pregnancy

The inner layer of the blastocyst is called the:

Embryonic disk

A(n) ____________ is an incision made in the tissue between the vaginal opening and anus to prevent vaginal tearing.

Episiotomy

From the ninth week post-conception until birth, the organism is referred to as a(n):

Fetus

___________ are recipes for making proteins.

Genes

The processes by which genetic factors contribute to variations in the environment are called:

Genotype-environment correlations

The increased risk of medical and genetic complications starts when women turn age:

35

A baby is considered to be preterm if they are born before _______ weeks gestational age.

37

By ________ weeks gestational age, all of the fetus's organ systems are developed enough that it could survive outside the mother's uterus without many of the risks associated with premature birth.

37

The longest stage of labor is typically the ________ stage.

First

Neurogenesis, or the formation of neurons, is largely completed after ________ of gestation.

Five months

Dizygotic twins are also called:

Fraternal twins

The cells used in sexual reproduction are called:

Gametes

Sometimes environmental effects on behavior differ based on genotype. For example, stressful environments appear to affect genetically at-risk children more than they affect children not genetically at risk. This is called a(n):

Genotype-environment interaction

The __________ period of prenatal development lasts about 14 days.

Germinal

When we say that a birth is "induced", we mean that:

The baby was delivered before labor begins

_________ genotype-environment correlation occurs when children passively inherit the genes and the environments their family provides.

Passive

Although we inherit all of our genetic material from our parents, not all of the possible features are expressed. The features that are actually expressed constitutes that person's:

Phenotype

The _______ is a structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord

Placenta

The _______ is a structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord.

Placenta

Why is it difficult to determine the effects of illicit drugs on prenatal development?

1) Because women who use drugs may use more than one drug 2) Because women who use drugs may be exposed to other teratogens such as alcohol and tobacco smoke 3) Because women who smoke may have other unhealthy habits such as poor nutrition 4) >>>All of the above<<<

Possible effects of exposure to illicit drugs during pregnancy include:

1) Premature birth 2) Heart defects 3) Brain defects 4) >>>All of the above<<<

Possible effects of smoking during pregnancy include:

1) Problems with the health and functioning of the placenta 2) Fetal growth restriction 3) Sudden Infant Death Syndrome 4) >>>All of the above<<<

Fewer than one half of all zygotes survive beyond the first two weeks. Why?

1) The egg and sperm do not join properly, so their genetic material does not combine 2) There is too little or damaged genetic material 3) The blastocyst does not implant into the uterine wall 4) >>>All of the above are possible reasons<<<

All prescription and over-the-counter drugs are safe to take during pregnancy.

2) False

Monozygotic twins are formed when:

A fertilized egg splits apart during the first two weeks of development

Rh disease

A form of anemia

Different versions of a gene are called:

Alleles

The ___________ is a test in which a needle is used to withdraw a small amount of amniotic fluid and cells from the sac surrounding the fetus and later tested.

Amniocentesis

The scientific study of the interplay between the genetic and environmental contributions to behavior is called:

Behavioral genetics

After about five days of mitosis, the zygote contains about 100 cells and is called a(n):

Blastocyst

In the human body, chromosomes are arranged in pairs. When a person has three of a certain chromosome instead of two, this causes problems. A person with three of chromosome 21 has:

Both A and B, because these terms mean the same thing

_________ is characterized by a sharp rise in blood pressure, a leakage of protein into the urine as a result of kidney problems, and swelling of the hands, feet, and face during the third trimester of pregnancy.

Both B and C

A ___________ occurs when a child inherits too many or two few chromosomes.

Chromosomal abnormality

Which of the following chemicals appears to have negative effects on prenatal development?

Lead 2) Mercury 3) Bisphenol A 4) All of the above

The effects of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders include:

Lower IQ scores 2) Small heads 3) Poor impulse control 4) All of the above

Who is at greater risk for sex-linked disorders due to a recessive gene?

Males because they have only one X chromosome

Cesarean sections and induced labor are sometimes used when complications, such as medical problems in the mother, arise.

True

During pregnancy, most women do not need to double their caloric intake, but simply add a few hundred extra calories to their diet.

True

MISSED Cesarean sections and induced labor are sometimes used when complications, such as medical problems in the mother, arise.

True