chapter 2 quiz human development
A zygote:
1) Contains the combined genetic information from both parents 2) Implants in the lining of the uterus during the germinal period 3) Is formed when the sperm fertilizes the egg 4) All of the above
Human cells carry ______ chromosomes in the nucleus of each cell.
46
A baby is considered to be of "low birth weight" if they weigh less than _______ at birth.
5lbs 8onces
Jess is naturally athletically inclined and thus seeks out opportunities to participate in sports. This is an example of a(n) ___________ genotype-environment correlation.
Active
A factor influencing the effect that teratogens have on prenatal development is:
Amount of exposure 2) Being male or female 3) Timing of exposure 4) All of the above
__________ is a temporary lack of oxygen to the brain that can result in brain damage or, in severe cases, death.
Anoxia
The Apgar assessment is used to assess functioning:
At one and five minutes after birth
_________ contractions are also called "false labor".
Braxton-Hicks
__________ development occurs from head to tail.
Cephalocaudal
_____________ is a condition that affects breathing and digestion due to thick mucus building up in the body, especially the lungs and digestive system.
Cystic fibrosis
Babies born to women with gestational diabetes will be diabetic themselves.
False
Women who develop diabetes during pregnancy will be permanently diabetic after giving birth.
False
Monozygotic twins are also called:
Identical twins
___________ results when an extra X chromosome is present in the cells of a male and the resulting zygote has an XXY composition.
Klinefelter syndrome
The emphasis of the __________ method is on teaching the woman to be in control in the process of delivery by encouraging things like muscle relaxation and breathing through contractions.
Lamaze
_________ is defined as the cell's nucleus making an exact copy of all the chromosomes and splitting into two new cells.
Mitosis
Missed The processes by which genetic factors contribute to variations in the environment are called:
NOT Ploymerase chain reaction
MISSED When the blastocyst has implanted in the uterine wall at the end of the germinal period, it's now called a(n):
NOT Zygote
In addition to the Apgar assessment, we can also assess newborn functioning using the:
Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale
Prenatal brain development begins in the third gestational week with the differentiation of stem cells, which are located in the :
Neural plate
The formation of neurons is called:
Neurogenesis
An active genotype-environment correlation is also known as:
Niche picking
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in your book as an illness that can cause problems during prenatal development?
Not influenza
Infants who weigh less than 90% of all babies of the same gestational age are referred to as:
Not small-for-date
___________ is a complication of pregnancy in which placenta lies low in the uterus and covers all or part of the cervix.
Placenta previa
The embryo's internal organs develop before its fingers do. This is an example of _________ development.
Proximodistal
Genes that express themselves in the phenotype express themselves only when paired with a similar version of that gene are called:
Recessive
The primary way that smoking tobacco affects prenatal development is by:
Reducing the amount of oxygen available to the fetus
Which of the following emotional states is NOT mentioned in your book as a cause of problems during prenatal development?
Schizophrenia
_________ is caused by enzyme deficiency resulting in the accumulation of lipids in the nerve cells of the brain. This accumulation results in progressive damage to the cells, a decrease in cognitive and physical development, and early death.
Tay-Sachs disease
__________ are environmental factors that can contribute to birth defects.
Teratogens
The most common cause of chromosomal abnormalities is:
The age of the mother
Whether we are genetically male or female depends on:
The sex chromosomes we inherit from our parents
the outer layer of the blastocyst is called the:
Trophoblast
Being an older parent is associated with more medical risks, but there are also possible positive consequences, such as increased stability and better income.
True
Both mothers under age 15 and over age 35 are at increased risk of having premature babies.
True
___________ occurs when part or all of one of the X chromosomes is lost and the resulting zygote has an XO composition.
Turner syndrome
Dizygotic twins are formed when:
Two eggs or ova are released and fertilized by two separate sperm
The ___________ is a test in which sound waves are used to examine the fetus.
Ultrasound
The first chance of survival outside the womb, known as the age of ___________, is reached at about 24 weeks gestational age.
Viability
Regions of the brain that contain the axons that form the neural pathways are referred to as the:
White matter
People who have inherited only one recessive gene are called:
carriers
Regions of the brain that contain the cell bodies are referred to as the:
grey matter
Most of the cells in the human body are created by the process of:
mitosis
_________ genotype-environment correlation occurs when the social environment reacts to individuals based on their inherited characteristics.
not passive
Josh's parents really enjoy music and are talented at it, so they expose Josh to a lot of music in hopes that he turns out the same way. This is an example of a(n) ___________ genotype-environment correlation.
passive
___________ is a complication of pregnancy in which the placenta separates prematurely from the uterine wall.
placenta abruption
The embryo's head is larger than the rest of its body. This is an example of _________ development.
proximodistal
In the Apgar assessment, the P stands for:
pulse
______________ is a parasite found in cat feces, dirt, and uncooked meats and can cause problems during prenatal development.
toxoplasma gondii
The outer layer of the blastocyst is called the:
trophoblast
The third stage of labor involves:
Delivery of the placenta
____________ is a weakening of the muscles resulting in an inability to move, wasting away, and possible death.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
___________ is a complication of pregnancy in which the fertilized egg implants itself outside of the uterus.
Ectopic pregnancy
The inner layer of the blastocyst is called the:
Embryonic disk
A(n) ____________ is an incision made in the tissue between the vaginal opening and anus to prevent vaginal tearing.
Episiotomy
From the ninth week post-conception until birth, the organism is referred to as a(n):
Fetus
___________ are recipes for making proteins.
Genes
The processes by which genetic factors contribute to variations in the environment are called:
Genotype-environment correlations
The increased risk of medical and genetic complications starts when women turn age:
35
A baby is considered to be preterm if they are born before _______ weeks gestational age.
37
By ________ weeks gestational age, all of the fetus's organ systems are developed enough that it could survive outside the mother's uterus without many of the risks associated with premature birth.
37
The longest stage of labor is typically the ________ stage.
First
Neurogenesis, or the formation of neurons, is largely completed after ________ of gestation.
Five months
Dizygotic twins are also called:
Fraternal twins
The cells used in sexual reproduction are called:
Gametes
Sometimes environmental effects on behavior differ based on genotype. For example, stressful environments appear to affect genetically at-risk children more than they affect children not genetically at risk. This is called a(n):
Genotype-environment interaction
The __________ period of prenatal development lasts about 14 days.
Germinal
When we say that a birth is "induced", we mean that:
The baby was delivered before labor begins
_________ genotype-environment correlation occurs when children passively inherit the genes and the environments their family provides.
Passive
Although we inherit all of our genetic material from our parents, not all of the possible features are expressed. The features that are actually expressed constitutes that person's:
Phenotype
The _______ is a structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord
Placenta
The _______ is a structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord.
Placenta
Why is it difficult to determine the effects of illicit drugs on prenatal development?
1) Because women who use drugs may use more than one drug 2) Because women who use drugs may be exposed to other teratogens such as alcohol and tobacco smoke 3) Because women who smoke may have other unhealthy habits such as poor nutrition 4) >>>All of the above<<<
Possible effects of exposure to illicit drugs during pregnancy include:
1) Premature birth 2) Heart defects 3) Brain defects 4) >>>All of the above<<<
Possible effects of smoking during pregnancy include:
1) Problems with the health and functioning of the placenta 2) Fetal growth restriction 3) Sudden Infant Death Syndrome 4) >>>All of the above<<<
Fewer than one half of all zygotes survive beyond the first two weeks. Why?
1) The egg and sperm do not join properly, so their genetic material does not combine 2) There is too little or damaged genetic material 3) The blastocyst does not implant into the uterine wall 4) >>>All of the above are possible reasons<<<
All prescription and over-the-counter drugs are safe to take during pregnancy.
2) False
Monozygotic twins are formed when:
A fertilized egg splits apart during the first two weeks of development
Rh disease
A form of anemia
Different versions of a gene are called:
Alleles
The ___________ is a test in which a needle is used to withdraw a small amount of amniotic fluid and cells from the sac surrounding the fetus and later tested.
Amniocentesis
The scientific study of the interplay between the genetic and environmental contributions to behavior is called:
Behavioral genetics
After about five days of mitosis, the zygote contains about 100 cells and is called a(n):
Blastocyst
In the human body, chromosomes are arranged in pairs. When a person has three of a certain chromosome instead of two, this causes problems. A person with three of chromosome 21 has:
Both A and B, because these terms mean the same thing
_________ is characterized by a sharp rise in blood pressure, a leakage of protein into the urine as a result of kidney problems, and swelling of the hands, feet, and face during the third trimester of pregnancy.
Both B and C
A ___________ occurs when a child inherits too many or two few chromosomes.
Chromosomal abnormality
Which of the following chemicals appears to have negative effects on prenatal development?
Lead 2) Mercury 3) Bisphenol A 4) All of the above
The effects of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders include:
Lower IQ scores 2) Small heads 3) Poor impulse control 4) All of the above
Who is at greater risk for sex-linked disorders due to a recessive gene?
Males because they have only one X chromosome
Cesarean sections and induced labor are sometimes used when complications, such as medical problems in the mother, arise.
True
During pregnancy, most women do not need to double their caloric intake, but simply add a few hundred extra calories to their diet.
True
MISSED Cesarean sections and induced labor are sometimes used when complications, such as medical problems in the mother, arise.
True