LAZARUS AND FOLKMAN'S TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF STRESS AND COPING
TYPES OF APPRAISAL Reappraisal 2
- Reappraising the situation while taking account of the coping resources that are available - Reappraising the coping resources while taking account of the reappraised threat
Transactional model of stress and coping 3
- environment influences individual - individual influences environment WORKS BOTH WAYS
COPING STRATEGIES Problem-focused coping 5
- focusing on changing only what is changeable
COPING STRATEGIES Problem-focused coping 4
- generating alternative ways of dealing with stressor
COPING STRATEGIES Problem-focused coping 6
- learning new skills to more effectively manage the stressor
COPING STRATEGIES Problem-focused coping 2
- obtaining more information about the stressor
COPING STRATEGIES Problem-focused coping 3
- redefining the stressor in a way that is more manageable
Transactional model of stress and coping 1
-Psychological perspective
Transactional model of stress and coping 6
According to Lazarus and Folkman, stress is "LARGELY IN THE EYE OF THE BEHOLDER" --> if individual appraises situation as UNPLEASANT = STRESS
Transactional model of stress and coping 7
Appraisal is subjective and a personal process Depends on our estimation of our ability to cope with the stressor!!!
NOTE!!!
Both types of coping can be used combined during stressful situations: first need to use emotion-focused coping then we can reappraise the situation and use problem-focused coping
Transactional model of stress and coping 2
Focuses on two key psychological factors that determines the extent to which an event is experienced as stressful: - The MEANING of the event to the individual - The individual's JUDGEMENT of their ability to cope with it
TYPES OF APPRAISAL Primary Appraisal 2
If decided that the stimulus is stressful: we engage in additional appraisals: - HARM/LOSS: involves an assessment of HOW MUCH DAMAGE has or will occur - THREAT: involves an assessment of harm/loss that may have not yet occurred but could occur in the future - CHALLENGE: Involves an assessment of the potential for personal gain or growth from the situation
COPING STRATEGIES Emotions- focused coping Definition
Involves efforts to deal with our emotional response to the stressor- involves strategies that are directed towards decreasing the emotional component of the stress response
COPING STRATEGIES Problem-focused coping Defintion
Involves efforts to manage or change the cause or source of the stress, that is the stressor
Transactional model of stress and coping Defintion
Proposes that stress involves an encounter (transaction) between an individual and their external environment, and that a stress response depends upon the individual's interpretation (appraisal) of the stressor and their ability to cope with it
Transactional model of stress and coping 4
The individual's appraisal of the situation and their resources for dealing with that situation determine whether or not they experience stress response and the nature of the response
TYPES OF APPRAISAL Primary Appraisal 1
The outcome is a decision about whether the situation is : IRRELEVANT; POSITIVE; STRESSFUL
COPING STRATEGIES Coping Definition
The process of constantly changing cognitive and behavioural efforts to manage specific internal/external stressors that are appraised as exceeding the resources of the person
COPING STRATEGIES Problem-focused coping 1
This may include: - reappraising the stressor by examining it from new perspectives
COPING STRATEGIES Emotions- focused coping 2
This type is used when we believe that we have little/no control over a situation and therefore can't do anything to change the circumstances
COPING STRATEGIES Problem-focused coping 7
This type of stressor is used when we believe that we have some control over a situation and think that we can change the circumstances
TYPES OF APPRAISAL Reappraisal 1
We determine the extent to which additional resources we need to cope with the situation
TYPES OF APPRAISAL Secondary Appraisal Defintion
We evaluate our coping options and resources and our options for dealing with the stressful situation - may be internal or external
TYPES OF APPRAISAL Primary Appraisal Definition
We evaluate, or "judge" the significance of the situation
Transactional model of stress and coping 5
When there is an imbalance between an individual's appraisal of the demands of the situation and estimation of ability to meet demands, then they will experience stress response
COPING STRATEGIES Emotions- focused coping 1
include efforts as: - denial - distancing - avoiding - minimising - wishful thinking - acceptance - venting emotions - seeking emotional support