LAZARUS AND FOLKMAN'S TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF STRESS AND COPING

TYPES OF APPRAISAL Reappraisal 2

- Reappraising the situation while taking account of the coping resources that are available - Reappraising the coping resources while taking account of the reappraised threat

Transactional model of stress and coping 3

- environment influences individual - individual influences environment WORKS BOTH WAYS

COPING STRATEGIES Problem-focused coping 5

- focusing on changing only what is changeable

COPING STRATEGIES Problem-focused coping 4

- generating alternative ways of dealing with stressor

COPING STRATEGIES Problem-focused coping 6

- learning new skills to more effectively manage the stressor

COPING STRATEGIES Problem-focused coping 2

- obtaining more information about the stressor

COPING STRATEGIES Problem-focused coping 3

- redefining the stressor in a way that is more manageable

Transactional model of stress and coping 1

-Psychological perspective

Transactional model of stress and coping 6

According to Lazarus and Folkman, stress is "LARGELY IN THE EYE OF THE BEHOLDER" --> if individual appraises situation as UNPLEASANT = STRESS

Transactional model of stress and coping 7

Appraisal is subjective and a personal process Depends on our estimation of our ability to cope with the stressor!!!

NOTE!!!

Both types of coping can be used combined during stressful situations: first need to use emotion-focused coping then we can reappraise the situation and use problem-focused coping

Transactional model of stress and coping 2

Focuses on two key psychological factors that determines the extent to which an event is experienced as stressful: - The MEANING of the event to the individual - The individual's JUDGEMENT of their ability to cope with it

TYPES OF APPRAISAL Primary Appraisal 2

If decided that the stimulus is stressful: we engage in additional appraisals: - HARM/LOSS: involves an assessment of HOW MUCH DAMAGE has or will occur - THREAT: involves an assessment of harm/loss that may have not yet occurred but could occur in the future - CHALLENGE: Involves an assessment of the potential for personal gain or growth from the situation

COPING STRATEGIES Emotions- focused coping Definition

Involves efforts to deal with our emotional response to the stressor- involves strategies that are directed towards decreasing the emotional component of the stress response

COPING STRATEGIES Problem-focused coping Defintion

Involves efforts to manage or change the cause or source of the stress, that is the stressor

Transactional model of stress and coping Defintion

Proposes that stress involves an encounter (transaction) between an individual and their external environment, and that a stress response depends upon the individual's interpretation (appraisal) of the stressor and their ability to cope with it

Transactional model of stress and coping 4

The individual's appraisal of the situation and their resources for dealing with that situation determine whether or not they experience stress response and the nature of the response

TYPES OF APPRAISAL Primary Appraisal 1

The outcome is a decision about whether the situation is : IRRELEVANT; POSITIVE; STRESSFUL

COPING STRATEGIES Coping Definition

The process of constantly changing cognitive and behavioural efforts to manage specific internal/external stressors that are appraised as exceeding the resources of the person

COPING STRATEGIES Problem-focused coping 1

This may include: - reappraising the stressor by examining it from new perspectives

COPING STRATEGIES Emotions- focused coping 2

This type is used when we believe that we have little/no control over a situation and therefore can't do anything to change the circumstances

COPING STRATEGIES Problem-focused coping 7

This type of stressor is used when we believe that we have some control over a situation and think that we can change the circumstances

TYPES OF APPRAISAL Reappraisal 1

We determine the extent to which additional resources we need to cope with the situation

TYPES OF APPRAISAL Secondary Appraisal Defintion

We evaluate our coping options and resources and our options for dealing with the stressful situation - may be internal or external

TYPES OF APPRAISAL Primary Appraisal Definition

We evaluate, or "judge" the significance of the situation

Transactional model of stress and coping 5

When there is an imbalance between an individual's appraisal of the demands of the situation and estimation of ability to meet demands, then they will experience stress response

COPING STRATEGIES Emotions- focused coping 1

include efforts as: - denial - distancing - avoiding - minimising - wishful thinking - acceptance - venting emotions - seeking emotional support