CH6 SOC 411

Amadou Diallo

Police believed him to be holding a gun and shot him several times, but he was merely hanging onto his wallet.

Abner Louima

Police were investigating a strip club, where he was celebrating his last hours as a bachelor; when he walked out, police shot him, his car, and nearby houses.

Sean Bell

Police were investigating a strip club, where he was celebrating his last hours as a bachelor; when he walked out, police shot him, his car, and nearby houses.

Identify the true and false statements about racial profiling during traffic stops.

True Statement(s) Many police officers intentionally target blacks and Latinos. Black and Hispanic drivers are more likely to be searched, fined, and arrested than are their white counterparts. African Americans have grown so used to being pulled over by the police that many speak of being stopped on account of DWB: "driving while black." False Statement(s) A New Jersey-based study found that while the majority of cars searched during traffic stops belonged to white drivers, white drivers were unlikely to be arrested.

Identify the true and false statements about violence against women.

True Statement(s) Twenty-five percent of all rapes take place on college campuses. Three women are killed by their husbands or boyfriends every day. Approximately 50 percent of rape victims are assaulted below the age of 18. False Statement(s) It is difficult to prosecute rapes because survivors usually cannot identify their attackers. Every day, 100 women in the United States are raped.

The American legal system is heavily biased against the poor and people of color. Identify the true and false statements about how this system disadvantages these groups.

True Statement(s) Young black offenders are more likely to be viewed as "inherently criminal" by their parole officers. They are more likely to rely on public defenders. False Statement(s) They are less likely to receive plea deals. Nonwhite juvenile offenders are less likely to be tried as adults.

In both politics and the media, Arab people and Americans are often portrayed in us-and-them terms. Identify the true and false statements about this dichotomy and its effects.

True Statement(s): Arabs are portrayed as freedom-hating and Americans as freedom-loving. It shows how racial identity can often trump national identity. False Statement(s) Fewer than 25 percent of Americans now report having a "favorable" view of Muslim Americans. Americans who identify as Republicans and Democrats have equally unfavorable views of Arab Americans.

Following the September 11 terrorist attacks, immigration officials stopped making "voluntary returns," in which someone caught crossing the border illegally would be bussed back across without going through a formal deportation proceeding. What was the impact of this policy change?

Undocumented immigrants were now officially labeled criminals

In the first half of the 1900s, why did the use of convict labor dramatically decrease?

Union protested it

Which of the following is an example of the deterrent effect?

a person considers selling drugs to earn money, but chooses not to

Place the racial groups in order from lowest to highest drug usage rates.

asian americans, hispanics, whites, african americans, american indians

1996 Welfare Reform Act

denied legal immigrants numerous public benefits

2001 PATRIOT Act

denied noncitizens many basic civil rights

Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act

extended the list of criminal actions that warranted deportation for noncitizens

There is significant academic evidence showing that media violence (especially in video games) causes violence in real life.

false

Ronald Reagan

first to dramatically expand the "war on drugs"

Immigrant women are especially vulnerable to abuse. Indicate why legal requirements exacerbate this problem.

immigrant women have difficulty documenting partner abuse.

Based on the current violence and increasing power of drug cartels in Mexico, what is likely to happen to future immigration into the United States?

immigrants will continue seeking legitimate jobs in the US

Richard Nixon

launched the "war on crime"

Place the countries in order from lowest to highest incarceration rate.

norway, china, russia, US

Bill Clinton

passed the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act

In addition to America's history of racism, which is the best explanation for Americans' fears about crime in relationship to race?

some media potrayals

To explain why black youth are murdered at such high rates, social scientists point to

structural disadvantage

Which of the following provides a structural explanation for why a young black man might resort to violence in a ghetto community?

the community is a long distance from legitamate

For the last 25 years, the United States has experienced a drop in crime, which has coincided with the prison boom. Based on existing evidence, which of the following best explains this relationship?

the effect of mass incarceration on crime is weak

Choose the answer that best completes the sentence. Compared with white youth, black youth who live outside predominantly black neighborhoods, have _________ of crime.

the same rates

Compared to other abused women, black women who are raped are more likely to face pressure to stay silent about their attackers.

true

George H. W. Bush

won the presidency, in part, by painting his opponent as "soft on crime"

Men in the United States have different likelihoods of going to prison. Drag the demographic group to their corresponding lifetime likelihood of attending prison.

1 in 9 : all men 1 in 17 : white men 1 in 3: black men 1 in 6: latino men

It costs about

1. $30 2. $60 3. $50 4. 50% 5. 35%

National statistics show that blacks and whites are arrested at very different rates.

1. 13 2. 5

Between 1925 and 1975,

1. 150,000 2. 1.4 million 3. 686

Members of each racial group have different likelihoods of being a victim of homicide.

1. 4.5 2. 27.8 3. 3 4. 13.5 5. 52

According to a recent Gallup poll

1. 45% 2. decrease

When asked why they felt America had a crime problem,

1. 75% 2. 20% 3. 600%

Approximately 50 percent of

1. Asian women 2. white women 3.Native American women 4.black women

High neighborhood crime facilitates a "cycle" that causes more crime. Drag each step to its corresponding box within this cycle.

1. Residents lack trust in one another. 2. Community relationships unravel. 3. formal social control breaks down.

Racial conflict unfolded at a high school in Jena, Louisiana, with protests over the "Jena 6." Place the events in the order from first to last.

1. black student sat under 2. white students hung three 3. A group of black students beat a 4. black students were charged with attempt murder 5. blacked students were charged with aggravated assualt

In the months and years following September 11,

1. grew 2. more 3. 25% 4. 33% 5. 44%

For every 100,000 black male youth, approximately how many are murdered each year?

52

Which of the following factors help explain why blacks and whites are arrested at such different rates?

Correct Answer(s) "Stop and frisk" policies target blacks. Poor nonwhite neighborhoods have higher rates of violent crime. Cities with larger black populations have more police per resident. Incorrect Answer(s) Blacks are several times more likely to smoke marijuana.

While police have unjustly used deadly force against African Americans, the author cautions us from simply blaming "racist" police and demanding their resignation. Which argument(s) do the authors use to support their position?

Correct Answer(s) Focusing only on the officers obscures the complexity of these circumstances. Simply attacking the police as racists ignores our complicity in a system that facilitates racially motivated violence. Incorrect Answer(s) It ignores the violent crimes that each of the individuals committed.

Based on evidence presented in this chapter, we should conclude which of the following?

Correct Answer(s) People often respond emotionally about race and crime. Facts often contradict conventional wisdom. Politicians sometimes manipulate knowledge about crime for personal gain. Incorrect Answer(s) There is no relationship between race and crime.

From 1980 through the early 2000s, the prison population exploded. Identify the reasons for this dramatic increase.

Correct Answer(s) People who used drugs were more likely to get arrested. Drug offenses were given harsher penalties. Incorrect Answer(s) Drug usage rates among black men and women steadily rose. Overall crime rates increased.

Many studies have been conducted that evaluate Americans' perceptions of crime and violence. Which of the following illustrate the findings of these studies?

Correct Answer(s) Perceived racial composition of a neighborhood is a better predictor of one's fear of crime than the actual crime rate. Hispanics living in predominately white areas perceive less crime than Hispanics living in more racially mixed neighborhoods. As the percentage of blacks and Hispanics in a neighborhood increases, fear of crime in that neighborhood increases. Incorrect Answer(s) Compared to white students, nonwhite students are more likely to fear being the victim of a crime.

Gangs are associated with drug trafficking and other criminal activity. Why do people join gangs?

Correct Answer(s) economic opportunity social belonging Incorrect Answer(s) to find more racially integrated groups

Mass incarceration has many costs to society. Which of the following accurately depict these costs?

Correct Answer(s) higher unemployment fewer marriages Incorrect Answer(s) higher divorce rates high taxpayer dollars spent on job retraining programs

Which of the following help explain why immigrants commit so few crimes?

Correct Answer(s) the presence of professionals in immigrant neighborhoods high marriage rates a code of informal social control Incorrect Answer(s) high rates of remittances

Between 1880 and 1930, lynch mobs murdered over 2,300 black men, women, and children whom we know of. What were the justifications given for the lynching of black men?

Correct Answer(s): winking at a white woman sexually assaulting a white woman being too "uppity" Incorrect Answer(s): taking a white man's job

Despite the fact that crime was not considered a major problem, the political focus on crime had many important social impacts. What were some of these effects?

Effect(s) Voters became more concerned about crime. Federal spending on drug control increased by a factor of nine. Poverty was essentially made a crime. Not Effect(s) Police activities were dramatically increased in the rapidly growing suburbs. Drug trafficking declined by 50 percent.

In the 1970s, the prison population started to rise. At that time, experts in the field of criminal justice generally agreed that using the threat of incarceration would be an effective deterrent to crime.

False

Studies have shown that people are more likely to favor harsher punishments to black people convicted of white-collar crimes.

False

The #MeToo movement began in October 2017 as a way to draw attention to sexual harassment in Hollywood.

False

Consider these two scenarios: First, a corporate executive ignores environmental regulations and dumps chemicals near a city's water supply, which results in three deaths. The executive is fired but does not face a criminal trial. Second, a man robs a convenience store and, while trying to escape, he hits a car and kills three people. The man serves 20 years in jail. What do these differences tell us about criminalization processes?

How we define crime is connected to systems of power.