chapter 2 section 2.3- human heredity

which of the following is a chemical signal that acts locally

growth factor

A(n) _____ is a chemical signal that is made in a gland and transported in the bloodstream to another part of the body, where it exerts a specific effect

hormone

A(n) _______ is a chemical signal that is made in a gland and transported in the bloodstream to another part of the body, where it exerts a specific effect

hormone

_________ is a form of cell death associated with inflammation and damage, rather than an orderly, contained destruction

necrosis

A cell that cannot give rise to every cell type but still has a large number of possible fates

pluripotent

a stem cell divides by mitosis to yield either two daughter cells that are stem cells like itself, or one that is a stem cell and one that is a partially specialized ______ cell

progenitor

DNA coils tightly, shortening and thickening chromosomes

prophase

In contrast to a stem cell, a progenitor cell cannot self-_______, and its daughters specialize as any of a restricted number of cell types

renewal

the ability of a stem cell to continue the lineage of cells that can divide to give rise to another cell like itself is known as _____

self renewal

which of the following are current applications for using stem cells?

produce hard-to-culture cells in order to observe earliest signs of a disease, create tissues and organs for use in transplants, introduce reprogramming proteins to stimulate stem cells in natural niche, discover and develop drugs

the structure formed of microtubules that will pull chromosomes apart during mitosis is called the mitotic _____

spindle

the three checkpoints

spindle assembly, DNA damage, apoptosis

_______ function like cellular fuses that burn down as pieces are lost from the ends

telomeres

chromosome tips are called

telomeres

chromosome tips are called _____

telomeres

the membranes around nuclei reform

telophase

A cell that can give rise to every cell type

totipotent

apoptosis is a form of cell death in which cells are broken down into membrane-enclosed pieces and then digested by phagocytes

true

during development, both mitosis and apoptosis help to maintain cell number

true

the process of _______ rapidly and neatly dismantles a cell into membrane-enclosed pieces that a

apoptosis

three phases that make up interphase of the cell

G^1; S; G^2

during which phase of the cell cycle does the cell replicate its entire genome?

S

in the cell cycle, DNA replication occurs during the ______ phase of interphase

S

what is a cell cycle "checkpoint"?

a specific stage where further progress of the cell cycle can be halted

what is the spindle?

a structure composed of microtubules that separates the chromosomes during mitosis

stem cells that can self-renew and are found in embryos, fetuses, children, and adults

adult stem cells

Centromeres part and one chromatid from each pair moves to opposite ends of the cell

anaphase

the human microbiome consists of which of the following

bacterial, fungal, or protozoan

the series of events describing the sequence of activities as a cell prepares for and undergoes division is called the ______ ______

cell cycle

After DNA replication, each chromosome consists of two copies joined at the _______

centromere

after DNA replication, each chromosome consists of two copies joined at the _____

centromere

after DNA replication copies of the genome are joined at ________

centromeres

centriole microtubules join with other proteins to organize the spindle in structures called ______

centrosomes

control of the cell cycle is carried out by groups of interacting proteins which functions at specific times in the cell cycle. These times are called _______ and they ensure that chromosomes are correctly replicated and apportioned into daughter cells

checkpoints

a replicated chromosome consists of two very long strands of identical chromosomal material called

chromatids

long strands of chromosomal material in replicated chromosomes are called ______

chromatids

the two long strands of identical chromosomal material in a replicated chromosome are called sister

chromatids

This cell divides into two daughter cells at the end of mitosis. This part of the cell cycle is called _____

cytokinesis

in ______ the cell apportions one set of chromosomes into each of two resulting cells, called daughter cells

cytokinesis

the cell divides into two daughter cells at the end of mitosis. This part of the cell cycle is called

cytokinesis

the general sources of human stem cells

embryonic stem (ES) cells, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, and "adult" stem cells

stem cells taken from the inner cell mass

embryonic stem cells

Cancer may occur when apoptosis happens too frequently.

false

cells that are undergoing apoptosis are usually flattened in appearance and adhere strongly to neighboring cells

false

during apoptosis, enzymes called caspases replicate the cell's DNA

false

the cell cycle refers to the sequence of events starting with glucose consumption and ending with ATP production

false

to study amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, Lou Gehrig's disease), scientists developed a type of stem cell called an ________ cell from fibroblasts that can be reprogrammed to produce a large quantity of ALS _______ neurons

iPS; motor

somatic cells that are reprogrammed to into any of several cell types

induced pluripotent stem cells

Stages of the cell cycle

interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

the two major stages of the cell cycle are ______ (not dividing) and _______ (dividing)

interphase; mitosis

the end result of _____ in humans is the production of cells that have half the amount of genetic material that somatic cells do

meiosis

the form of cell division that produces sperm or eggs is called _____

meiosis

chromosomes align along the center of the cell

metaphase

the cells within and on us that are not actually part of us constitute the human ______

microbiome

How do mitosis and cytokinesis differ?

mitosis divides the DNA while cytokinesis divides the rest of the cell contents

when somatic cells multiply, DNA is divided by a process called ______, while the division of the rest of the cell is called ______

mitosis; cytokinesis

a cell that has only a few developmental choices

multipotent