chapter 2 section 2.3- human heredity
which of the following is a chemical signal that acts locally
growth factor
A(n) _____ is a chemical signal that is made in a gland and transported in the bloodstream to another part of the body, where it exerts a specific effect
hormone
A(n) _______ is a chemical signal that is made in a gland and transported in the bloodstream to another part of the body, where it exerts a specific effect
hormone
_________ is a form of cell death associated with inflammation and damage, rather than an orderly, contained destruction
necrosis
A cell that cannot give rise to every cell type but still has a large number of possible fates
pluripotent
a stem cell divides by mitosis to yield either two daughter cells that are stem cells like itself, or one that is a stem cell and one that is a partially specialized ______ cell
progenitor
DNA coils tightly, shortening and thickening chromosomes
prophase
In contrast to a stem cell, a progenitor cell cannot self-_______, and its daughters specialize as any of a restricted number of cell types
renewal
the ability of a stem cell to continue the lineage of cells that can divide to give rise to another cell like itself is known as _____
self renewal
which of the following are current applications for using stem cells?
produce hard-to-culture cells in order to observe earliest signs of a disease, create tissues and organs for use in transplants, introduce reprogramming proteins to stimulate stem cells in natural niche, discover and develop drugs
the structure formed of microtubules that will pull chromosomes apart during mitosis is called the mitotic _____
spindle
the three checkpoints
spindle assembly, DNA damage, apoptosis
_______ function like cellular fuses that burn down as pieces are lost from the ends
telomeres
chromosome tips are called
telomeres
chromosome tips are called _____
telomeres
the membranes around nuclei reform
telophase
A cell that can give rise to every cell type
totipotent
apoptosis is a form of cell death in which cells are broken down into membrane-enclosed pieces and then digested by phagocytes
true
during development, both mitosis and apoptosis help to maintain cell number
true
the process of _______ rapidly and neatly dismantles a cell into membrane-enclosed pieces that a
apoptosis
three phases that make up interphase of the cell
G^1; S; G^2
during which phase of the cell cycle does the cell replicate its entire genome?
S
in the cell cycle, DNA replication occurs during the ______ phase of interphase
S
what is a cell cycle "checkpoint"?
a specific stage where further progress of the cell cycle can be halted
what is the spindle?
a structure composed of microtubules that separates the chromosomes during mitosis
stem cells that can self-renew and are found in embryos, fetuses, children, and adults
adult stem cells
Centromeres part and one chromatid from each pair moves to opposite ends of the cell
anaphase
the human microbiome consists of which of the following
bacterial, fungal, or protozoan
the series of events describing the sequence of activities as a cell prepares for and undergoes division is called the ______ ______
cell cycle
After DNA replication, each chromosome consists of two copies joined at the _______
centromere
after DNA replication, each chromosome consists of two copies joined at the _____
centromere
after DNA replication copies of the genome are joined at ________
centromeres
centriole microtubules join with other proteins to organize the spindle in structures called ______
centrosomes
control of the cell cycle is carried out by groups of interacting proteins which functions at specific times in the cell cycle. These times are called _______ and they ensure that chromosomes are correctly replicated and apportioned into daughter cells
checkpoints
a replicated chromosome consists of two very long strands of identical chromosomal material called
chromatids
long strands of chromosomal material in replicated chromosomes are called ______
chromatids
the two long strands of identical chromosomal material in a replicated chromosome are called sister
chromatids
This cell divides into two daughter cells at the end of mitosis. This part of the cell cycle is called _____
cytokinesis
in ______ the cell apportions one set of chromosomes into each of two resulting cells, called daughter cells
cytokinesis
the cell divides into two daughter cells at the end of mitosis. This part of the cell cycle is called
cytokinesis
the general sources of human stem cells
embryonic stem (ES) cells, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, and "adult" stem cells
stem cells taken from the inner cell mass
embryonic stem cells
Cancer may occur when apoptosis happens too frequently.
false
cells that are undergoing apoptosis are usually flattened in appearance and adhere strongly to neighboring cells
false
during apoptosis, enzymes called caspases replicate the cell's DNA
false
the cell cycle refers to the sequence of events starting with glucose consumption and ending with ATP production
false
to study amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, Lou Gehrig's disease), scientists developed a type of stem cell called an ________ cell from fibroblasts that can be reprogrammed to produce a large quantity of ALS _______ neurons
iPS; motor
somatic cells that are reprogrammed to into any of several cell types
induced pluripotent stem cells
Stages of the cell cycle
interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis
the two major stages of the cell cycle are ______ (not dividing) and _______ (dividing)
interphase; mitosis
the end result of _____ in humans is the production of cells that have half the amount of genetic material that somatic cells do
meiosis
the form of cell division that produces sperm or eggs is called _____
meiosis
chromosomes align along the center of the cell
metaphase
the cells within and on us that are not actually part of us constitute the human ______
microbiome
How do mitosis and cytokinesis differ?
mitosis divides the DNA while cytokinesis divides the rest of the cell contents
when somatic cells multiply, DNA is divided by a process called ______, while the division of the rest of the cell is called ______
mitosis; cytokinesis
a cell that has only a few developmental choices
multipotent
