Chapter 2 SmartBook

In eukaryotic cells, the chromosomes are enclosed in a membrane-bound structure called the ______.

nucleus

The majority of genes in a eukaryotic cell are found within the _________________.

nucleus

A phosphate group is a phosphorus atom bonded to four _______________ atoms.

oxygen

A _____ is a fat molecule with attached phosphate groups depicted as a head with two parallel tails.

phospholipid

In the cell cycle, DNA replication occurs during the ______________ phase of interphase.

s

The process of _______________ rapidly and neatly dismantles a cell into membrane-enclosed pieces that a phagocyte can mop up.

Apoptosis

A stem cell divides by mitosis to yield either two daughter cells that are stem cells like itself, or one that is a stem cell and one that is a partially specialized _____ cell.

progenitor

Biologists recognize three major domains of life: _________________, _____________________, _______________________ and .

archaea, bacteria, eukarya

The structure formed of microtubules that will pull chromosomes apart during mitosis is called the mitotic _____________________.

spindle

The is a meshwork of protein rods and tubules that serves as the cell's architecture, positioning organelles and providing overall three-dimensional shapes.

Cytoskeleton

How do mitosis and cytokinesis differ?

Mitosis divides the DNA while cytokinesis divides the rest of the cell contents.

Which of the following statements about the domains of life is true?

There are three: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.

Match the following major macromolecules (in the left column) with the respective constituent components (in the right column). Carbohydrates ------> Lipids ------> Nucleic acids ------>

<------ Sugars and starches <------ Fats and oils <------ DNA and RNA

What is the spindle?

A structure formed from microtubules that separates the chromosomes during mitosis

Identify the general sources of human stem cells.

Adult Embryonic Induced pluripotent

There are three general sources of human stem cells: __________________ stem cells (ES), induced __________________ stem (iPS) cells, and __________________ stem cells.

Embryonic Pluripotent Adult

True or false: The cell cycle refers to the sequence of events starting with glucose consumption and ending with ATP production.

False

The human microbiome consists of which of the following?

Fungal cells Protozoan cells Bacterial cells

Interphase is divided into two _____ phases and one _____ phase.

G S

Following mitosis, the cell enters ________________ phase, resuming synthesis of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates which contribute to building the extra plasma membrane required to surround the two new cells formed from the original one.

G1

Which phase of the cell cycle follows immediately after mitosis and is characterized by synthesis of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates and lipids?

G1

Identify the three phases that make up interphase of the cell cycle.

G1 phase S phase G2 phase

Following replication of the DNA, the cell enters _________________ phase, producing additional proteins and assembling membrane components into vesicles.

G2

Which phase of the cell cycle follows S phase and is characterized by additional protein synthesis and membrane assembly into vesicles?

G2

Identify the stages of the cell cycle.

Interphase Mitosis

The two major stages of the cell cycle are _________________ (not dividing) and __________________ (dividing).

Interphase Mitosis

_____ is a form of cell death associated with inflammation and damage, rather than an orderly, contained destruction.

Necrosis

What are the basic tissue types?

Nervous Connective Muscle Epithelial

Which of the following cellular components are considered part of the cytoplasm?

Pigment molecules

Which of the following are major macromolecules that make up cells?

Proteins DNA Fats

During which phase of the cell cycle does the cell replicate its entire genome?

S phase

The cell cycle is shown here. The letters correspond to the following phases: A = ____________ phase; B = ____________ phase, C = ____________; and D = ____________.

S phase G2 Phase prophase cytokinesis

Identify the functions of organelles.

They provide energy. They dismantle debris. They secrete substances.

One of the functions of saclike organelles is that they sequester _____ that could harm other cellular constituents.

biochemicals

The series of events describing the sequence of activities as a cell prepares for and undergoes division is called the _________________.

cell cycle

After DNA replication, each chromosome consists of two copies joined at the _____.

centromere

The figure shows a replicated chromosome. Label ? refers to an area called the

centromere

Our bodies contain four basic types of tissue: epithelial tissue, _______________ tissue, ________________ tissue, and _______________ tissue.

connective, muscle, nervous

Which of the following are current applications for using stem cells?

create tissues and organs for use in transplants introduce reprogramming proteins to stimulate stem cells in natural niche discover and develop drugs produce hard-to-culture cells in order to observe earliest signs of a disease

Everything but the nucleus, organelles, and the outer boundary in a cell is known as the _____.

cytoplasm

The ______ helps to maintain the cell's shape, anchors the organelles, and allows the cell and its organelles to move.

cytoskeleton

To study amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, Lou Gehrig's disease), scientists developed a type of stem cell called an _____________ cell from fibroblasts that can be reprogramed to produce a large quantity of ALS _____________ neurons.

iPS Motor

During _____ a cell continues the basic biochemical functions of life, while also replicating its DNA.

interphase

The part of the cell cycle during which the cell is not dividing is called _____________.

interphase

The end result of ______ in humans is the production of cells that have half the amount of genetic material that somatic cells do.

meiosis

The form of cell division that produces sperm or eggs is called _________________.

meiosis

The form of cell division that produces sperm or eggs is called __________________.

meiosis

The cells within and on us that are not actually part of us constitute the human ____________________.

microbiome

When somatic cells multiply, DNA is divided by a process called _________________, while the division of the rest of the cell is called _________________-.

mitosis cytokinesis