Chapter 2 Test 1 Study Guide - Sharon Largarde

Carbonyl

- CHO

Carboxyl

- COH

Amines

- NH2

Phosphates

- PPO3-2

Hydroxyl

-OH

Sulfhydryl

-SH

synthesis reaction

A synthesis reaction is a chemical reaction that results in the synthesis (joining) of components that were formerly separate The general equation for a synthesis reaction is A + B → AB ex NOTE + BOOK = NOTEBOOK

Ketones

CO

decomposition reaction

a reaction in which a single compound breaks down to form two or more simpler substances BOOKWORK=BOOK +WORM

13. Which of the following statements about chemical bonds is true? a. Covalent bonds are stronger than ionic bonds. b. Hydrogen bonds occur between two atoms of hydrogen. c. Bonding readily occurs between nonpolar and polar molecules. d. A molecule of water is unlikely to bond with an ion.

a. Covalent bonds are stronger than ionic bonds.

11. When an atom donates an electron to another atom, it becomes a. an ion b. an anion c. nonpolar d. all of the above

a. an ion

18. Which of the following combinations of atoms is most likely to result in a chemical reaction? a. hydrogen and hydrogen b. hydrogen and helium c. helium and helium d. neon and helium

a. hydrogen and hydrogen

14. The energy stored in a foot of snow on a steep roof is ________. a. potential energy b. kinetic energy c. radiant energy d. activation energy

a. potential energy

6. The characteristic that gives an element its distinctive properties is its number of ________. a. protons b. neutrons c. electrons d. atoms

a. protons

21. Which of the following is most likely to be found evenly distributed in water in a homogeneous solution? a. sodium ions and chloride ions b. NaCl molecules c. salt crystals d. red blood cells

a. sodium ions and chloride ions

24. Ty is three years old and as a result of a "stomach bug" has been vomiting for about 24 hours. His blood pH is 7.48. What does this mean? a. Ty's blood is slightly acidic. b. Ty's blood is slightly alkaline. c. Ty's blood is highly acidic. d. Ty's blood is within the normal range

b. Ty's blood is slightly alkaline.

28. A pentose sugar is a part of the monomer used to build which type of macromolecule? a. polysaccharides b. nucleic acids c. phosphorylated glucose d. glycogen

b. nucleic acids

20. CH4 is methane. This compound is ________. a. inorganic b. organic c. reactive d. a crystal

b. organic

15. The bonding of calcium, phosphorus, and other elements produces mineral crystals that are found in bone. This is an example of a(n) ________ reaction. a. catabolic b. synthesis c. decomposition d. exchange

b. synthesis

8. Nitrogen has an atomic number of seven. How many electron shells does it likely have? a. one b. two c. three d. four

b. two

25. C6H12O6 is the chemical formula for a ________. a. polymer of carbohydrate b. pentose monosaccharide c. hexose monosaccharide d. all of the above

c. hexose monosaccharide

7. On the periodic table of the elements, mercury (Hg) has an atomic number of 80 and a mass number of 200.59. It has seven stable isotopes. The most abundant of these probably have ________. a. about 80 neutrons each b. fewer than 80 neutrons each c. more than 80 neutrons each d. more electrons than neutrons

c. more than 80 neutrons each

10. A molecule of ammonia contains one atom of nitrogen and three atoms of hydrogen. These are linked with ________. a. ionic bonds b. nonpolar covalent bonds c. polar covalent bonds d. hydrogen bonds

c. polar covalent bonds

23. A substance dissociates into K+ and Cl- in solution. The substance is a(n) ________. a. acid b. base c. salt d. buffer

c. salt

Cell wall

cellulose

outer covering

chitin

17. ________ reactions release energy. a. Catabolic b. Exergonic c. Decomposition d. Catabolic, exergonic, and decomposition

d. Catabolic, exergonic, and decomposition

30. In DNA, nucleotide bonding forms a compound with a characteristic shape known as a(n) ________. a. beta chain b. pleated sheet c. alpha helix d. double helix

d. double helix

22. Jenny mixes up a batch of pancake batter, then stirs in some chocolate chips. As she is waiting for the first few pancakes to cook, she notices the chocolate chips sinking to the bottom of the clear glass mixing bowl. The chocolate chip batter is an example of a ________. a. solvent b. solute c. solution d. suspension

d. suspension

Sucrose

glucose + fructose (table sugar)

Maltose

glucose + glucose (malt sugar)

Lactose

glucose and galactose (milk sugar)

Animals

glycogen

Saturated

solid at room temperature Animal fats Grease, bacon, lard, butter Hydrogens all around Single bonds between the carbons

Plants

starch

double-displacement reaction

the ions of two compounds exchange places in an aqueous solution to form two new compounds AB+CD = CB+AD

single-displacement reaction

chemical reaction in which one element replaces another element in a compound ex. A+BC=B+AC

26. What organic compound do brain cells primarily rely on for fuel? a. glucose b. glycogen c. galactose d. glycerol

a. glucose

29. A phospholipid ________. a. has both polar and nonpolar regions b. is made up of a triglyceride bonded to a phosphate group c. is a building block of ATP d. can donate both cations and anions in solution

a. has both polar and nonpolar regions

12. A substance formed of crystals of equal numbers of cations and anions held together by ionic bonds is called a(n) ________. a. noble gas b. salt c. electrolyte d. dipole

b. salt

32. The ability of an enzyme's active sites to bind only substrates of compatible shape and charge is known as ________. a. selectivity b. specificity c. subjectivity d. specialty

b. specificity

9. Which of the following is a molecule, but not a compound? a. H2O b. 2H c. H2 d. H +

c. H2

27. Which of the following is a functional group that is part of a building block of proteins? a. phosphate b. adenine c. amino d. ribose

c. amino

16. AB → A + B is a general notation for a(n) ________ reaction. a. anabolic b. endergonic c. decomposition d. exchange

c. decomposition

4. Together, just four elements make up more than 95 percent of the body's mass. These include ________. a. calcium, magnesium, iron, and carbon b. oxygen, calcium, iron, and nitrogen c. sodium, chlorine, carbon, and hydrogen d. oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

d. oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

19. Chewing a bite of bread mixes it with saliva and facilitates its chemical breakdown. This is most likely due to the fact that ________. a. the inside of the mouth maintains a very high temperature b. chewing stores potential energy c. chewing facilitates synthesis reactions d. saliva contains enzymes

d. saliva contains enzymes

Unsaturated

liquid at room temperature Plant fats Olive oil and peanut Less hydrogens At least one double bond between the carbons

Know how to find electrons, protons, and electrons for a neutral atom as well as an ion

neutral atom protons = atomic number electrons =atomic number neutrons= atomic mass- atomic number ions ex. Al3+ = MEANS less electrons than protons Al3- = MEANS more electrons than protons

5. The smallest unit of an element that still retains the distinctive behavior of that element is an ________. a. electron b. atom c. elemental particle d. isotope

b. atom

31. Uracil ________. a. contains nitrogen b. is a pyrimidine c. is found in RNA d. all of the above

d. all of the above