Chapter 2 Theories and Treatment of Abnormality

The "master" gland is also known as the _____. islets of Langerhans Organ of Corti adrenal gland Correct! pituitary gland

pituitary gland

In the context of emotional responses, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) plays an important role in _____. Correct Answer anxiety depression anger sadness

anxiety

psychological approaches

include behavioral approaches, cognitive, psychodynamic and humanistic, family systems, and emotion focused approaches, which we will review.

Identical twins have _____ of their genes in common. 25 percent You Answered 50 percent 75 percent Correct Answer 100 percent

100%

When ingested, which of the following substances slows the reuptake process of norepinephrine? Cocaine and heroin Heroin and marijuana Marijuana and amphetamines Correct! Amphetamines and cocaine

Amphetamines and cocaine

Which of the following is the greatest limitation of the cognitive theories? Cognitive theories may seem comfortable or familiar to laypersons. Cognitive theories seem attractive because they focus on an individual's thinking processes. Cognitive theories are least likely to explain unwanted emotions, thoughts, and behaviors. Correct! Cognitive theories have had difficulty proving that maladaptive cognitions precede and cause disorders rather than being the symptoms or consequences of the disorders.

Cognitive theories have had difficulty proving that maladaptive cognitions precede and cause disorders rather than being the symptoms or consequences of the disorders.

Which of the following is NOT considered an essential component of client-centered therapy (CCT)? Genuineness of communication Correct! Conditional positive regard Empathic understanding Unconditional positive regard

Conditional positive regard

Which of the following is correct regarding chromosomes? At conception, the fertilized embryo has 48 chromosomes, 24 from the female egg and 24 from the male sperm. The mother of an embryo always contributes a Y chromosome and the father always contributes an X chromosome. Correct! Down syndrome results when chromosome 21 is present in triplicate. Chromosomes have no relationship to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

Down syndrome results when chromosome 21 is present in triplicate.

_____ is the study of heritable changes in the expression of genes without change in the gene sequence. Molecular biology Genetic engineering Correct! Epigenetics Molecular cloning

Epigenetics

Lance is a shy 13-year-old boy who often goes to his older sister for dating advice. Lance is most likely in which stage of psychosexual development? Anal Phallic Latency Correct! Genital

Genital

Which of the following theories is based on the assumptions that humans have an innate capacity for goodness and for living a full life? Correct! Humanistic Psychodynamic Cognitive Behavioral

Humanistic

Which of the following statements is true about systematic desensitization therapy? You Answered It requires the client to first develop a hierarchy of feared stimuli and then learn appropriate responses to each of these stimuli, starting with the most feared stimulus. It is an immediate and direct method for extinguishing anxiety responses to stimuli and maladaptive behavior. Correct Answer It generally produces better results when the client is asked to experience the stimuli directly, that is, using the in vivo exposure method. It is often combined with operant conditioning to develop a conditioned avoidance response.

It generally produces better results when the client is asked to experience the stimuli directly, that is, using the in vivo exposure method.

Which of the following is a criticism leveled against the biological approach to abnormality? Correct! It often ignores the fact that environmental and psychological processes can affect biological functioning. It argues that people prefer to deal with the issues in their lives that are contributing to their psychological problems rather than turn to drugs. It seems to erase any blame or responsibility that might be put upon the sufferer of a disorder. It forces people who suffer disorders to simply accept that they have a disease and obtain the appropriate treatment.

It often ignores the fact that environmental and psychological processes can affect biological functioning.

family systems theory

It views the family member's psychological disorder as an indication of a dysfunctional family system. believes that an individual's problems are always rooted in interpersonal systems, particularly family systems. In assessing family systems approaches, it is effective in the treatment of children because they are so much more entwined in families than adults, but it again needs more research.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the different approaches to abnormality and the continuum model? People who favor a sociocultural approach generally embrace the continuum model because they view psychological disorders as vastly different from normal functioning. You Answered People who take a biological approach have traditionally accepted a continuum model of abnormality. People who adopt a psychological approach have moved away from a continuum model of psychopathology in recent years. Correct Answer Proponents of the sociocultural approach tend to view abnormal behaviors as understandable consequences of social stresses in people's lives.

Proponents of the sociocultural approach tend to view abnormal behaviors as understandable consequences of social stresses in people's lives.

Which of the following is NOT true about behavior genetics? Behavior genetics is the study of the genetics of personality and abnormality. Correct Answer Research in behavior genetics focuses primarily on twin studies. Most disorders result from polygenic processes according to behavior genetics. You Answered Behavior geneticists investigate the heritability of behaviors and behavioral tendencies.

Research in behavior genetics focuses primarily on twin studies.

Which of the following statements is true of prevention programs? Primary prevention strategies focus on detecting a disorder in its earliest stages. Secondary prevention focuses on people who already have a disorder and focus on prevention of relapse. Tertiary prevention strategies for preventing drug abuse might include changing neighborhood characteristics that contribute to drug use. Correct! Secondary prevention often involves screening for early signs of a disorder and then administering an intervention to prevent the development of a full-blown disorder.

Secondary prevention often involves screening for early signs of a disorder and then administering an intervention to prevent the development of a full-blown disorder.

Which of the following neurotransmitters plays an important role in regulating emotional well-being and aggressive impulses? You Answered Dopamine Norepinephrine Acetylcholine Correct Answer Serotonin

Serotonin

Which of the following statements is true of humanistic theories? Correct! Some therapists believe that client-centered therapy may be appropriate for people who are moderately distressed but not for those who are seriously distressed. Self-help groups and peer counseling programs have found humanistic theories to be not as effective as the cognitive approach. Several researchers have been able to replicate the findings of humanistic therapies through scientific testing. The emphasis given to pathology and external forces in humanistic therapies makes the approach very pessimistic.

Some therapists believe that client-centered therapy may be appropriate for people who are moderately distressed but not for those who are seriously distressed.

Which among the following is NOT a common component of successful therapies? Encouraging clients to confront painful emotions and become less sensitive to them Providing clients with explanations or interpretations of why they are suffering Establishing a positive client-therapist relationship Correct! Supplementing existing treatment with drug therapy

Supplementing existing treatment with drug therapy

Which of the following statements is true of subcortical structures? Correct! The thalamus directs incoming information from sense receptors to the cerebrum. The hypothalamus is a large structure just above the thalamus that regulates instinctive behaviors. The hippocampus is a part of the limbic system that plays a central role in emotions such as fear. The amygdala is a structure of the limbic system that plays a role in memory.

The thalamus directs incoming information from sense receptors to the cerebrum.

Serotonin, this travels through many key areas of the brain, affecting function of those areas. They also have dopamine. This is found in areas of the brain associated with the experience of reinforcements or rewards, and is affected by substances, such as alcohol, that are found rewarding. There is norepinephrine; it is produced by neurons in the brain stem. Cocaine and amphetamine prolong the action of norepinephrine by slowing its reuptake process. And then we have what is just known as GABA, which inhibits the action of other neurotransmitters.

anxiety and mood disorders and schizophrenia. involved in the control of complex movements, motivation, cognition, and regulation of emotional responses.

The law of effect suggests that: the strength of the reward has no bearing on behaviors. punishment has no impact on undesired behaviors. Correct! behaviors followed by a reward are strengthened. punishments are more effective than rewards.

behaviors followed by a reward are strengthened.

Family systems therapy challenges the family's: belief system about the stigma of psychopathology. cultural definition of family cohesiveness. Correct! belief that an individual family member is the source of the problem. ideas that only workable families have an authority figure.

belief that an individual family member is the source of the problem.

A major class of anxiety-reducing drugs, _____, appears to reduce the symptoms of anxiety without interfering substantially with an individual's ability to function in daily life. Their most frequent use is as sleeping pills. barbiturates Correct! benzodiazepines azapirones beta-blockers

benzodiazepines

Emotion-focused approaches: are often referred to as first-wave approaches. are entirely based on practices derived from Western philosophy. view unconscious conflicts as the core of many types of psychopathology. Correct Answer combine behavioral and cognitive therapy with mindfulness practices of Zen Buddhism.

combine behavioral and cognitive therapy with mindfulness practices of Zen Buddhism.

Hispanics in the southwestern United States and in Mexico suffering from psychological problems may consult folk healers, known as: Correct! curanderos. nganga. quimbanda. shamans.

curanderos.

Secondary prevention

detecting a disorder at its very earliest stages to prevent the development of the full-blown disorder, but it has already started in its initial beginnings.

The object relations perspective suggests that: Correct Answer early interpersonal relationships influence an individual's self-concept and personality development. self-awareness is impacted by the psychosexual urges present during each stage of development. thoughts, behavior, and emotions are connected to one's unconscious state of mind. environmental stressors coupled with poor parental relationships create mental disorders for less stable individuals.

early interpersonal relationships influence an individual's self-concept and personality development.

Native American healing processes: encourage clients to experience the self as separate from the community. Correct Answer focus on the physiology, psychology, and religious practices of the individual. emphasize the detachment of the individual from the cultural network. You Answered involve immersing the individual in quiet solitude and meditation.

focus on the physiology, psychology, and religious practices of the individual.

Abnormality that involves eating, drinking, and sexual behaviors are the result of the dysfunction of the: right frontal lobe. cerebrum. Correct! hypothalamus. midbrain.

hypothalamus

The three systems of the human psyche that regulate the libido本能冲动 are the: personal unconscious, collective unconscious, and archetypes. Correct! id, ego, and superego. ego, unconscious, and subconscious. aggressive drive, id, and the superego.

id, ego, and superego.

endocrine system

is a system of glands that produces chemicals called hormones released directly into the blood. The hormone carries messages through the body and affects mood, levels of energy, and reactions to stress.

reuptake

occurs when neurons would initially release the neurotransmitter into the synapse reabsorb the neurotransmitter, which decreases the amount left in the synapse.

Degradation

occurs when the receiving neuron releases an enzyme into the synapse that breaks down the neurotransmitter into another biochemical. All of these are parts of biological causes of abnormality.

If a behavior is _____ reinforced, it is more difficult to extinguish. negatively Correct Answer partially continuously You Answered positively

partially

According to Freudian theory, boys who experience extreme castration anxiety resolve the conflict by identifying with their fathers, and putting aside their desires for their mothers. This conflict develops during the _____ stage, and the process is called the _____. anal; Oedipus complex phallic; Electra complex anal; Electra complex Correct! phallic; Oedipus complex

phallic; Oedipus complex

The procedure introduced by neurologist Antonio de Egas Moniz in 1935 in which the frontal lobes of the brain are severed from the lower centers of the brain is called: partial lobectomy. Correct! prefrontal lobotomy. vagus nerve stimulation. craniectomy.

prefrontal lobotomy.

Tertiary prevention

preventing relapse and reducing the impact of the disorder on the person's quality of life. So the disorder is already full-blown and developed, and then in trying to stop this disorder we are trying to prevent relapse and also sometimes the focus is on trying the least harm methods to help with the person's quality of life.

The pituitary gland is responsible for: stabilizing mood and emotions. controlling brain function and relaying messages. regulating energy levels and managing aggression. Correct! producing a variety of hormones and controlling the secretion of other endocrine glands.

producing a variety of hormones and controlling the secretion of other endocrine glands. producing a variety of hormones and controlling the secretion of other endocrine glands.

People who tend to hold dysfunctional assumptions often react to situations with all of the following EXCEPT: irrational thoughts. Correct! rational behaviors. negative emotions. irrational behaviors.

rational behaviors.

A polygenic process: Correct! refers to the multiple abnormal genes that interact to create a disorder. results from the interaction between hormones and neurotransmitters. creates the coded instructions for cells to perform certain functions. controls the basic genetic transmission that occurs during conception.

refers to the multiple abnormal genes that interact to create a disorder.

Degradation refers to the: release of neurons into the synaptic gap. reabsorption of the neurotransmitter into the initial neuron. attachment of the neurotransmitter to a receptor. Correct! release of an enzyme by the receiving neuron that breaks down the neurotransmitter into other biochemicals.

release of an enzyme by the receiving neuron that breaks down the neurotransmitter into other biochemicals.

A procedure known as _____ exposes patients to frequent, high-intensity magnetic pulses that are focused on particular brain structures, whereas in the _____ procedure, electrodes are surgically implanted in specific areas of the brain. Correct! repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; deep brain stimulation deep brain stimulation; vagus nerve stimulation vagus nerve stimulation; repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation deep brain stimulation; repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; deep brain stimulation

prevention programs: 3 levels One is primary prevention

stopping the development of disorders before they start.

According to Freud, girls suffer anxiety when they recognize that they do not have a penis. This frustration causes them to form a connection with their father, in the hope that the relationship will provide a replacement for the missing penis. According to Freudian theory, this is known as _____. the Oedipus complex castration anxiety Correct! the Electra complex a defense mechanism

the Electra complex

All of the following are limitations of behavioral theories EXCEPT that: You Answered it is unclear how behavioral principles could account for some disorders, such as schizophrenia. Correct Answer the development of normal and abnormal behaviors has been scientifically tested by behavioral theory hypotheses. the complexity of human behaviors and the environmental experiences cannot be captured in laboratory studies. behavioral theories do not recognize free will in people's behavior.

the development of normal and abnormal behaviors has been scientifically tested by behavioral theory hypotheses.

The psychosexual stages

the oral stage is during 0-18 months, the anal stage—18 months to 3 years, the phallic stage—3 to 6 years, the latent stage—6 years to puberty, and the genital stage—puberty to adulthood. And these are the stages in which psychoanalytic theory says that pleasure is derived from, and the focus and where that comes from.

A _____ is a treatment, usually based on a theory of a disorder, that addresses the factors that theory says cause the disorder. practice modus operandi Correct! therapy hypothesis

therapy

Third-wave Approaches : DBT- Dialectical Behavior Therapy.

used when there are difficulties in managing negative emotions and in controlling implicit behaviors.

ACT—Acceptance and Commitment Therapy—is

used when there is an avoidance of all problems. So instead of having to focus on trying to fix the problem, the focus becomes more on accepting it and letting it go.