Chapter 2

______ is a parent-child relationship that is established through a social and legal process. Adoption Mentorship Apprenticeship Socialization

Adoption

Sickle-cell anemia occurs most often in African Americans. Asians. American Jews. non-Latino whites.

African Americans.

All of the following are characteristic of Klinefelter syndrome except undeveloped testes. an extra Y chromosome. tallness. enlarged breasts.

An extra Y chromosome

Which of the following is not a characteristic of Down Syndrome

An extra y chromosome

______ try to figure out what is responsible for the differences among people: genes, environment, or a combination of both. Scientific geneticists Environmental geneticists Behavior geneticists Biological geneticists

Behavior geneticists

Which of the following is not a dominant characteristic?

Blond hair

There are times when abnormalities involve whole ______ that do not separate properly, whereas other abnormalities are produced by harmful genes.

Chromosomes

In a gene pair, the ______ gene does not always exert its influence. dominant phenotypic recessive inherited

Dominant

True or false: Phenotype is a person's genetic heritage, the actual genetic material.

False

True or false: Those with XYY syndrome are more prone to aggression and violence.

False

True or false: Ultrasound sonography during pregnancy can pose significant risks to both mother and fetus.

False

Genes are passed from generation to generation through three processes, called mitosis, meiosis, and ________

Fertilization

______ are units of hereditary information that help cells to reproduce themselves and manufacture the proteins that maintain life.

Genes

According to evolutionary psychology, natural selection favors behaviors that A. maintain peace among people. B. Make a population physically strong. C. Are not aggressive in nature. D. Increase reproductive success.

Increase reproductive success

What is Klinefelter syndrome?

Klinefelter syndrome is a chromosomal disorder in which males have an extra X chromosome, making them XXY instead of XY. Males with this disorder have undeveloped testes, and they usually have enlarged breasts and become tall (Kanakis & Nieschlag, 2018). Males with Klinefelter syndrome often have impairment in language, academic, attentional, and motor abilities (Van Rijn, de Sonneville, & Swaab, 2018). Klinefelter syndrome occurs approximately once in every 650 live male births. Only 10 percent of individuals with Klinefelter syndrome are diagnosed before puberty, with the majority not identified until adulthood

Males who have an extra X chromosome, making them XXY, have Turner syndrome. Down syndrome. Klinefelter syndrome. fragile X syndrome.

Klinefelter syndrome.

A powerful magnet and a radio create images that generate a detailed picture of the body's organs and structures. This sort of screening is called a fetal ______

MRI

The cellular reproduction in which the cell's nucleus duplicates itself and two new cells are formed is called

Mitosis

The evolutionary process by which the best-adapted individuals of a species survive and reproduce is called ______ selection.

Natural Selection

______ genotype-environment correlations occur because biological parents, who are genetically related to the child, provide a rearing environment for the child. Active Evocative Niche-picking Passive

Passive

Fertilization

Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell basically: An egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell

How are characteristics that suit a species for survival transmitted from one generation to the next? A. The passage of susceptibility genes from parents to offspring B. The genetic code inherited from our parents C. The phenotype of both parents' and offsprings' genetic material D. The way in which the environment influences a gene pool

The genetic code inherited from our parents

True or false: The emerging view is that complex behaviors are influenced by genes in ways that give people a propensity for a particular developmental trajectory as well as by complex environments.

True

Chromosonal Abnormalities

Turner syndrome Down syndrome Fragile X syndrome

A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X chromosome is missing or part of one X chromosome is deleted is referred to as Turner syndrome. Down syndrome. fragile X syndrome. Klinefelter syndrome.

Turner syndrome.

Fragile X Syndrome

a disorder produced by injury to a gene on the X chromosome, producing mild to moderate mental retardation

According to developmental psychologist David Moore, genetic factors do not determine phenotypes independently from the contexts in which they develop. and environmental factors independently influence human development. predictably intertwine with environmental conditions to help understand human behavior. are the main factors in the development of behavior.

do not determine phenotypes independently from the contexts in which they develop.

The ______ view states that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment. heredity-environment correlation evocative experiential epigenetic nonshared environment

epigenetic

Meiosis

forms eggs and sperm (which also are called gametes). A cell of the testes (in men) or ovaries (in women) duplicates its chromosomes but then divides twice, thus forming four cells, each of which has only half of the genetic material of the parent cell (Johnson, 2017). By the end of meiosis, each egg or sperm has 23 unpaired chromosomes. basically: A specialized form of cell division forms eggs

Definition of genotype

genetic make up

All of a person's actual genetic material makes up his or her______

genotype

XYY syndrome is a chromosomal disorder in which the male has an extra Y chromosome. female has a Y chromosome. female has an extra X chromosome. male has an extra X chromosome.

male has an extra Y chromosome.

The building blocks of cells that regulate and direct body processes are called

protein

Prenatal diagnostic tests include all of the following except amniocentesis. fetal MRI. the Apgar Scale. ultrasound sonography.

the Apgar Scale.

Mitosis

the cell's nucleus—including the chromosomes—duplicates itself and the cell divides. Two new cells are formed, each containing the same DNA as the original cell, arranged in the same 23 pairs of chromosomes.

Normally conducted seven weeks into the pregnancy, ______ is used to detect structural abnormalities in the fetus and, when used later in the pregnancy, can help determine whether the baby is male or female. ultrasound sonography a fetal MRI amniocentesis chorionic villus sampling

ultrasound sonography

A single cell formed through fertilization is a(n)

zygote

Which of the following is not a characteristic of Down syndrome? An extra copy of chromosome 21 A round face and a flattened skull An extra Y chromosome Intellectual and motor disabilities

An extra Y chromosome

When can chorionic villus sampling be used to screen for genetic defects and chromosomal abnormalities? Between the 10th and 14th week of pregnancy Between the 15th and 18th week of pregnancy Within two weeks of conception Anytime in the third trimester

Between the 10th and 14th week of pregnancy

According to the epigenetic view, which of the following characterizes the relationship between heredity and environment in development? One-way Bidirectional Independent Cconstant

Bidirectional

______ is a prenatal medical procedure in which a small sample of the placenta is removed and analyzed. Chorionic villus sampling Amniocentesis Fetal MRI Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis

Chorionic villus sampling

______ are threadlike structures made up of DNA that come in 23 pairs, with one member of each pair coming from each parent. A. Genes B. Proteins C. DNA D. Chromosomes

Chromosomes

Which of the following is a chromosomally transmitted form of intellectual disability caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21? Down syndrome Turner syndrome Klinefelter syndrome Fragile X syndrome

Down Syndrome

Which of the following is true of the genetic material of a zygote? A. Parents contribute little to the unique genetics of an offspring. B. Fathers contribute 23 paired chromosomes to a zygote. C. A zygote is dominated entirely by maternal genetic influences. D. Each parent contributes half the offspring's genetic material.

Each parent contributes half the offspring's genetic material.

Which psychological approach emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behaviors? Evolutionary psychology Adaptation psychology Social psychology Cognitive psychology

Evolutionary psychology

What is the process in which an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell? Mitosis Meiosis Germination Fertilization

Fertilization

Which of the following prenatal tests poses a lower risk to the fetus due to its less invasive nature? Fetal MRI Apgar scaling Amniocentesis Chorionic villus sampling

Fetal MRI

Which of the following malformations can be detected by fetal MRI? Maternal blood malformations Genital/urinary tract malformations Chest malformations Central nervous system malformations

Genital/urinary tract malformations Chest malformations Central nervous system malformations

Which of the following is true of the cause of infertility? It is almost always the woman's fault. It is almost always the man's fault. It can rest with the woman or the man. It is never clear whose fault it is.

It can rest with the woman or the man.

Which of the following statements is true about meiosis? It is the process by which muscle cells grow. It is also called fertilization. It produces cells with unpaired chromosomes. It is a type of cell.

It produces cells with unpaired chromosomes.

______ is a specialized form of cell division that occurs to form eggs and sperm. Division Fertilization Meiosis Mitosis

Meiosis

What evolutionary process determines that those individuals of a species who are best adapted to the environment survive and reproduce? Adaptive selection Natural selection Natural behavior Adaptive behavior

Natural Selection

Which of the following is a genetic disorder in which an individual cannot properly metabolize a certain amino acid and, if left untreated, causes intellectual disability? Phenylketonuria (PKU) Sickle-cell anemia Huntington disease Spina bifida

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Genes direct cells to reproduce themselves, whereas ______ are the building blocks of cells. A. genetics B. DNA C. proteins D. chromosomes

Protein

Human traits and characteristics that are genetically influenced have an evolutionary history that is A. Solely inherited from our parents. B. Retained in our DNA. C. Solely human. D. Uninfluenced by the environment.

Retained in our DNA

Evocative genotype-environment correlations occur because a child's ______ elicit certain types of environments. The child's genes elicit certain kinds of environments. adoptive parents biological parents genetically influenced characteristics

The child's genes elicit certain kinds of environments. Reason: current socioeconomic status

Which of the following is true of the difference between the chromosomes of the male and the chromosomes of the female? A. The difference is found in the 23rd pair. B. There are differences between males and females in each of the 23 pairs of chromosomes. C. There are no differences between male and female chromosomes. D. The difference is found in the first pair.

The difference is found in the 23rd pair

Which of the following chromosome pairings on the 23rd chromosome would result in a genetic female? XY XXY XX YY

XX

Phenylketonuria is best treated by a specialized diet. corrective surgery. hydroxyurea therapy. blood transfusions.

a specialized diet.

When a gamete is formed, sometimes the sperm or ovum does not have a normal set of 23 chromosomes. This is referred to as a(n) ______ abnormality. gene-linked epigenetic chromosomal biological

chromosomal

When a gamete is formed, sometimes the sperm or ovum does not have a normal set of 23 chromosomes. This is referred to as a(n) ______ abnormality. A. biological B. chromosomal C. epigenetic D. gene-linked

chromosomal

There are times when abnormalities involve whole______ that do not separate properly, whereas other abnormalities are produced by harmful genes.

chromosomes

The two new cells created by mitosis

contain the same DNA as the original cell.

Duante is always smiling; as a result, his teachers tend to respond to him in a more pleasant and attentive way. This is an example of a(n) passive genotype-environment correlation. niche-picking genotype-environment correlation. active genotype-environment correlation. evocative genotype-environment correlation.

evocative genotype-environment correlation. Reason: In this type of correlation, children choose compatible environments.

The inability to conceive a child after 12 months of regular intercourse without contraception is referred to as sterility. infertilization. ovulation. infertility.

infertility.

Chromosomal abnormalities result when a chromosome does not separate properly during

meiosis

A common outcome of fragile X syndrome is red blood cell impairment. mental deficiency. infertility. extreme height.

mental deficiency.

What is it called when the cell's nucleus duplicates itself and the cell divides? Meiosis Mitosis Heredity Fertilization

mitosis

Sickle-cell anemia is a genetic disorder in which the red blood cells cannot carry ______ properly and die quickly. oxygen protein blood calcium

oxygen

Bobby's dad is a banker and loves numbers, and Bobby and his dad enjoy solving arithmetic problems. According to ______, Bobby will probably grow up to be skilled in arithmetic. evocative genotype-environment correlations Reason: Because the question refers more to how a skill might be common to the son based on genetic transmission, this is a passive correlation. niche-picking genotype-environment correlations active genotype-environment correlations passive genotype-environment correlations

passive genotype-environment correlations Because the question refers more to how a skill might be common to the son based on genetic transmission, this is a passive correlation.

Observable and measurable characteristics such as height, hair color, and intelligence are aspects of a person's

phenotype

Fragile X syndrome is a chromosomal disorder in which males have an extra Y chromosome. either an X chromosome is missing or part of one X chromosome is deleted. males have an extra X chromosome. there is an abnormality on the X chromosome, which becomes constricted and often breaks.

there is an abnormality on the X chromosome, which becomes constricted and often breaks.