Chapter 20 A&P II

what is not a function of the endothelium?

absorb chemicals that stimulate vasomotion

blood colloid osmotic pressure(COP) is primarily determined by which protein?

albumin

the "salt retaining hormone" _______ primarily promotes sodium retention by the kidneys

aldosterone

define hypercapnia:

an excess of carbon dioxide in the blood

an anatomical convergence where two blood vessels merge and combine their bloodstreams is known as a _________

anastomosis

a _______ is a weak bulging sac in the wall of an artery that pulsates with each beat of the heart and which may eventually rupture

aneurysm

the growth of new blood vessels is called

angiogenesis

what are examples of conducting arteries?

aorta, pulmonary trunk, common carotid artery, subclavian arteries

list the vessels in order from highest blood pressure to lowest blood pressure

aorta, systemic artery, capillary, venule, systemic vein, superior vena cava

where are sinusoids located?

areas where large proteins and cells need to enter or leave the bloodstream (ex. liver and spleen)

a small vessel that empties into a capillary is a

arteriole

the smallest resistance arteries are called _______

arterioles

degenerative changes of the blood vessels characterized by the presence of atheromas and often leading to calcification of the vessel wall is known as ___________

atherosclerosis

the ability of a tissue to adjust its own blood supply through vasomotion or angiogenesis is known as.....

autoregulation

arteries are blood vessels that carry blood ______ the heart

away from

what is the cause of septic shock?

bacterial infection

what term refers to the feedback response to blood pressure changes?

baroreflex

the capillary wall consists of which layers?

basal lamina, endothelium

what is the cause of neurogenic shock?

brain stem trauma

_______ are microscopic, thin-walled blood vessels that connect the smallest arteries to the smallest veins

capillaries

a capillary bed is an organized network of:

capillaries

the narrowest type of blood vessel in the cardiovascular system that engages in fluid exchange with surrounding tissues is called ________

capillary

what can diffuse directly in the plasma membrane?

carbon dioxide, steroid hormones, oxygen

all forms of circulatory shock fall into which two categories?

cardiogenic shock, low venous return shock

an organ or cell specialized to detect chemicals, as in the carotid bodies is a _________

chemoreceptor

what are examples of sensory structures located inside arterial walls?

chemoreceptors and baroreceptors

the primary role of _______ is to adjust respiration to changes in blood chemistry

chemoreflexes

what are consequences of edema?

circulatory shock, tissue death

also known as large or elastic arteries, __________ arteries are classified as the largest

conducting

the type of response to circulatory shock in which life-threatening positive feedback mechanisms are activated is known as _______ shock

decompensated

the movement of carbon dioxide from the tissue into the capillary blood occurs via

diffusion

_______ arteries deliver blood to specific organs

distributing

the accumulation of excess fluid in a tissue is called ________

edema

the basal lamina is the non-cellular, proteinacious material that surrounds the capillary _______ cells and separates it from adjacent connective tissue

endothelial

what hormones are produced by the adrenal glands and bind to adrenergic receptors on the smooth muscle of most blood vessels?

epinephrine and norepinephrine

in arteries and veins the outermost layer of the vessel wall is called the tunica ______

externa

what are the types of capillaries?

fenestrated capillaries, continuous capillaries, sinusoids

a process in which hydrostatic pressure forces a fluid through a selectively permeable membrane (especially a capillary wall) is known as

filtration

chemicals given off by the systemic capillary blood to the perivascular tissues often include:

glucose, oxygen, hormones, amino acids

the pressure in large arteries is ______ than in a vein of similar size

greater

the physical principles of blood flow are describing:

hemodynamics

the physical force exerted by a liquid against a surface such as a capillary wall is called __________ pressure

hydrostatic

high blood pressure is known as

hypertension

what term refers to low chronic resting blood pressure?

hypotension

a deficiency of oxygen in any tissue is known as......

hypoxia

describe antidiuretic hormone

increases blood pressure by promoting water retention; acts as a vasoconstrictor at extremely high concentrations

a general insufficient blood flow to a tissue is called

ischemia

portal systems occur in.....

kidneys, between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary, between the intestines and liver

which tissues are found in the tunica interna/ capillary endothelium?

loose connective and simple squamous epithelium

the effects of a stroke or cerebrovascular accident can include.....

loss of sensation, loss of speech, paralysis, blindness

the thickest layer of a blood vessel is usually the tunica ______

media

in some places, short vessels called _______ link arterioles to capillaries or provide shortcuts that bypass the capilaries

metarteriole

what term refers to the arterioles, capillaries, and venuels?

microvasulature

the function of the aortic bodies is to:

monitor blood pH, monitor O2 levels, monitor CO2 levels

why are capillaries sometimes called the exchange vessels of the cardiovascular system?

most exchange between the blood and the tissue fluid occurs across capillary walls

where are continuous capillaries located?

most tissues (ex. skeletal muscle)

_______ venuels receive blood from the postcapillary venuels

muscular

a patient with a blood pressure of 110/80 has.....

normal BP

edema may be caused by......

obstructed lymphatic drainage, reduced capillary absorption, increased capillary filtration

where are fenestrated capillaries located?

organs that enlarge in rapid absorption or filtrationof small molecules (ex. small intestine and kidneys)

the main chemical stimulus for cerebral autoregulation is

pH

__________ venuels receive blood from capillaries

postcapillary

rank the types of veins from smallest to largest

postcapillary venuels, muscular venuels, medium veins, venous sinuses, large veins

describe angiotensin II

potent vasoconstrictor that raises the blood pressure

blood _______ is defined as the force that blood exerts against a vessel wall

pressure

describe natriuretic peptides

promotes Na+ excretion, which reduces blood volumes and lowers blood pressure

describe aldosterone

promotes Na+ retention, which increases blood volume and raises blood pressure

the primary purpose of the ________ circuit is for the blood to release carbon dioxide and pick up oxygen

pulmonary

in what ways does the pulmonary circuit differ from the systemic circuit?

pulmonary arteries constrict in response to local hypoxia, pulmonary arteries carry oxygen poor blood and veins carry oxygen rich blood, less fluid gets "left behind" in the lungs, pulmonary arteries have thinner less elastic walls

describe the flow of a blood cell through the pulmonary circuit through the right ventricle

pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, lobar arteries, alveolar capillaries, pulmonary veins, left atrium

what blood vessels are distributing (muscular, or medium) arteries

renal artery, femoral artery, pulmonary artery

what would be classified as large veins?

renal veins, pulmonary veins, superior venae cavae, internal jugular veins

arterioles are the smallest ________ arteries

resistance

as blood flows through vessels, it encounters forces, caused by several factors, that impede its movement. this opposition to blood flow is called peripheral __________

resistance

arrange the 3 classes of arteries in order from smallest to largest

resistance arteries, distributing arteries, conducting arteries

venous return (the flow of blood back to the heart) achieved by which mechanisms?

respiration(the thoracic pump), gravity, muscle contraction(the skeletal muscle pump), cardiac suction

what are common causes of hypovolemic shock?

severe dehydration, burns, bleeding ulcers, hemorrhage

what refers to irregular blood filled spaces in the liver, bone marrow, spleen, and other organs?

sinusoids

lipid ______ substances diffuse easily through the plasma membrane, while lipid _______ substances must use channel proteins

soluble; insoluble

what term refers to the sudden death (infraction) of brain tissue caused by ischemia?

stroke

transient ischemic attacks are characterized by:

temporary loss of vision, temporary dizziness, temporary paralysis, temporary weakness, headache

what increases venous return during exercise?

the heart beats faster increasing blood pressure, increased muscle contraction enhances action of the skeletal muscle pump, increased breathing enhances action of the thoracic pump

why is it important for conducting arteries to maintain elasticity?

their expansion reduces systolic stress on smaller arteries, their expansion and recoil helps keep the blood flowing during diastole, their recoil helps maintain blood pressure between heartbeats

what are functions of vasoreflexes?

they help regulate blood pressure and they modify perfusion to an organ or tissue

which mechanism of transport likely accounts for the smallest fraction of solute exchange across the capillary wall?

transcytosis

what is the cause of obstructed venous return shock?

tumor growth

what is the innermost layer of the blood vessel wall

tunica interna

the walls of arteries and veins are composed of 3 layers called tunics. place the tunics in order; starting with the innermost layer and ending with the outermost layer

tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia

veins have _______that ensure the one way flow of blood

valves

narrowing of blood vessels caused by contraction of smooth muscle cells in the tunica media is known as:

vasoconstriction

regarding vessel diameter, widespread ________ raises the blood pressure while widespread _______ lowers it

vasoconstriction, vasodilation

widening of vessels is known as.....

vasodialation

the nucleus in the medulla oblongata that transmits efferent signals to the blood vessels and regulates vasomotion is known as the ______ center

vasomotor

changes in the diameter of a blood vessel are collectively known as _________

vasoreflexes

the type of blood vessel regarded as capacitance vessels are

veins

which type of blood vessel carries blood back to the heart?

veins

what are the 3 main types of blood vessels?

veins, arteries, capillaries

systolic pressure is the arterial blood pressure attained during....

ventricular contraction

diastolic blood pressure is the minimum arterial blood pressure occurring during:

ventricular relaxation

postcapillary ______are the smallest of the veins

venuels