Chapter 20 A&P II
what is not a function of the endothelium?
absorb chemicals that stimulate vasomotion
blood colloid osmotic pressure(COP) is primarily determined by which protein?
albumin
the "salt retaining hormone" _______ primarily promotes sodium retention by the kidneys
aldosterone
define hypercapnia:
an excess of carbon dioxide in the blood
an anatomical convergence where two blood vessels merge and combine their bloodstreams is known as a _________
anastomosis
a _______ is a weak bulging sac in the wall of an artery that pulsates with each beat of the heart and which may eventually rupture
aneurysm
the growth of new blood vessels is called
angiogenesis
what are examples of conducting arteries?
aorta, pulmonary trunk, common carotid artery, subclavian arteries
list the vessels in order from highest blood pressure to lowest blood pressure
aorta, systemic artery, capillary, venule, systemic vein, superior vena cava
where are sinusoids located?
areas where large proteins and cells need to enter or leave the bloodstream (ex. liver and spleen)
a small vessel that empties into a capillary is a
arteriole
the smallest resistance arteries are called _______
arterioles
degenerative changes of the blood vessels characterized by the presence of atheromas and often leading to calcification of the vessel wall is known as ___________
atherosclerosis
the ability of a tissue to adjust its own blood supply through vasomotion or angiogenesis is known as.....
autoregulation
arteries are blood vessels that carry blood ______ the heart
away from
what is the cause of septic shock?
bacterial infection
what term refers to the feedback response to blood pressure changes?
baroreflex
the capillary wall consists of which layers?
basal lamina, endothelium
what is the cause of neurogenic shock?
brain stem trauma
_______ are microscopic, thin-walled blood vessels that connect the smallest arteries to the smallest veins
capillaries
a capillary bed is an organized network of:
capillaries
the narrowest type of blood vessel in the cardiovascular system that engages in fluid exchange with surrounding tissues is called ________
capillary
what can diffuse directly in the plasma membrane?
carbon dioxide, steroid hormones, oxygen
all forms of circulatory shock fall into which two categories?
cardiogenic shock, low venous return shock
an organ or cell specialized to detect chemicals, as in the carotid bodies is a _________
chemoreceptor
what are examples of sensory structures located inside arterial walls?
chemoreceptors and baroreceptors
the primary role of _______ is to adjust respiration to changes in blood chemistry
chemoreflexes
what are consequences of edema?
circulatory shock, tissue death
also known as large or elastic arteries, __________ arteries are classified as the largest
conducting
the type of response to circulatory shock in which life-threatening positive feedback mechanisms are activated is known as _______ shock
decompensated
the movement of carbon dioxide from the tissue into the capillary blood occurs via
diffusion
_______ arteries deliver blood to specific organs
distributing
the accumulation of excess fluid in a tissue is called ________
edema
the basal lamina is the non-cellular, proteinacious material that surrounds the capillary _______ cells and separates it from adjacent connective tissue
endothelial
what hormones are produced by the adrenal glands and bind to adrenergic receptors on the smooth muscle of most blood vessels?
epinephrine and norepinephrine
in arteries and veins the outermost layer of the vessel wall is called the tunica ______
externa
what are the types of capillaries?
fenestrated capillaries, continuous capillaries, sinusoids
a process in which hydrostatic pressure forces a fluid through a selectively permeable membrane (especially a capillary wall) is known as
filtration
chemicals given off by the systemic capillary blood to the perivascular tissues often include:
glucose, oxygen, hormones, amino acids
the pressure in large arteries is ______ than in a vein of similar size
greater
the physical principles of blood flow are describing:
hemodynamics
the physical force exerted by a liquid against a surface such as a capillary wall is called __________ pressure
hydrostatic
high blood pressure is known as
hypertension
what term refers to low chronic resting blood pressure?
hypotension
a deficiency of oxygen in any tissue is known as......
hypoxia
describe antidiuretic hormone
increases blood pressure by promoting water retention; acts as a vasoconstrictor at extremely high concentrations
a general insufficient blood flow to a tissue is called
ischemia
portal systems occur in.....
kidneys, between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary, between the intestines and liver
which tissues are found in the tunica interna/ capillary endothelium?
loose connective and simple squamous epithelium
the effects of a stroke or cerebrovascular accident can include.....
loss of sensation, loss of speech, paralysis, blindness
the thickest layer of a blood vessel is usually the tunica ______
media
in some places, short vessels called _______ link arterioles to capillaries or provide shortcuts that bypass the capilaries
metarteriole
what term refers to the arterioles, capillaries, and venuels?
microvasulature
the function of the aortic bodies is to:
monitor blood pH, monitor O2 levels, monitor CO2 levels
why are capillaries sometimes called the exchange vessels of the cardiovascular system?
most exchange between the blood and the tissue fluid occurs across capillary walls
where are continuous capillaries located?
most tissues (ex. skeletal muscle)
_______ venuels receive blood from the postcapillary venuels
muscular
a patient with a blood pressure of 110/80 has.....
normal BP
edema may be caused by......
obstructed lymphatic drainage, reduced capillary absorption, increased capillary filtration
where are fenestrated capillaries located?
organs that enlarge in rapid absorption or filtrationof small molecules (ex. small intestine and kidneys)
the main chemical stimulus for cerebral autoregulation is
pH
__________ venuels receive blood from capillaries
postcapillary
rank the types of veins from smallest to largest
postcapillary venuels, muscular venuels, medium veins, venous sinuses, large veins
describe angiotensin II
potent vasoconstrictor that raises the blood pressure
blood _______ is defined as the force that blood exerts against a vessel wall
pressure
describe natriuretic peptides
promotes Na+ excretion, which reduces blood volumes and lowers blood pressure
describe aldosterone
promotes Na+ retention, which increases blood volume and raises blood pressure
the primary purpose of the ________ circuit is for the blood to release carbon dioxide and pick up oxygen
pulmonary
in what ways does the pulmonary circuit differ from the systemic circuit?
pulmonary arteries constrict in response to local hypoxia, pulmonary arteries carry oxygen poor blood and veins carry oxygen rich blood, less fluid gets "left behind" in the lungs, pulmonary arteries have thinner less elastic walls
describe the flow of a blood cell through the pulmonary circuit through the right ventricle
pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, lobar arteries, alveolar capillaries, pulmonary veins, left atrium
what blood vessels are distributing (muscular, or medium) arteries
renal artery, femoral artery, pulmonary artery
what would be classified as large veins?
renal veins, pulmonary veins, superior venae cavae, internal jugular veins
arterioles are the smallest ________ arteries
resistance
as blood flows through vessels, it encounters forces, caused by several factors, that impede its movement. this opposition to blood flow is called peripheral __________
resistance
arrange the 3 classes of arteries in order from smallest to largest
resistance arteries, distributing arteries, conducting arteries
venous return (the flow of blood back to the heart) achieved by which mechanisms?
respiration(the thoracic pump), gravity, muscle contraction(the skeletal muscle pump), cardiac suction
what are common causes of hypovolemic shock?
severe dehydration, burns, bleeding ulcers, hemorrhage
what refers to irregular blood filled spaces in the liver, bone marrow, spleen, and other organs?
sinusoids
lipid ______ substances diffuse easily through the plasma membrane, while lipid _______ substances must use channel proteins
soluble; insoluble
what term refers to the sudden death (infraction) of brain tissue caused by ischemia?
stroke
transient ischemic attacks are characterized by:
temporary loss of vision, temporary dizziness, temporary paralysis, temporary weakness, headache
what increases venous return during exercise?
the heart beats faster increasing blood pressure, increased muscle contraction enhances action of the skeletal muscle pump, increased breathing enhances action of the thoracic pump
why is it important for conducting arteries to maintain elasticity?
their expansion reduces systolic stress on smaller arteries, their expansion and recoil helps keep the blood flowing during diastole, their recoil helps maintain blood pressure between heartbeats
what are functions of vasoreflexes?
they help regulate blood pressure and they modify perfusion to an organ or tissue
which mechanism of transport likely accounts for the smallest fraction of solute exchange across the capillary wall?
transcytosis
what is the cause of obstructed venous return shock?
tumor growth
what is the innermost layer of the blood vessel wall
tunica interna
the walls of arteries and veins are composed of 3 layers called tunics. place the tunics in order; starting with the innermost layer and ending with the outermost layer
tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia
veins have _______that ensure the one way flow of blood
valves
narrowing of blood vessels caused by contraction of smooth muscle cells in the tunica media is known as:
vasoconstriction
regarding vessel diameter, widespread ________ raises the blood pressure while widespread _______ lowers it
vasoconstriction, vasodilation
widening of vessels is known as.....
vasodialation
the nucleus in the medulla oblongata that transmits efferent signals to the blood vessels and regulates vasomotion is known as the ______ center
vasomotor
changes in the diameter of a blood vessel are collectively known as _________
vasoreflexes
the type of blood vessel regarded as capacitance vessels are
veins
which type of blood vessel carries blood back to the heart?
veins
what are the 3 main types of blood vessels?
veins, arteries, capillaries
systolic pressure is the arterial blood pressure attained during....
ventricular contraction
diastolic blood pressure is the minimum arterial blood pressure occurring during:
ventricular relaxation
postcapillary ______are the smallest of the veins
venuels
