Chapter 20 APUSH

The most distinctive quality of women in professions during the progressive era was that women were concentrated in the

"helping" professions.

Progressive era political reforms

1. Initiatives and referendums were designed in order to weaken the state legislatures. 2. Recall and Direct primary were designed to weaken political parties.

Theodore Roosevelt did not run for another term in 1908 as he had promised in

1904

Theodore did however hand-pick William Howard Taft to succeed him that

1908 election.

Strict regulations were imposed on factory owners after the

1911 Triangle shirtwaist fire in New York City.

Woodrow Wilson won only the plurality of the Popular Vote in the

1912 Election

The first law regulating child labor was the

1916 Keating Owen Act.

Progressivism

Although there were many meanings - main idea during this period tended to be based on the central assumption that American society was capable of improvement.

During the progressive era, the leader of American socialism was

Eugene V. Deb

Significant voting rights for women were first won in the

Far West.

On that note, the first director of the National Forest Service was

Gifford Pinchot.

President Roosevelt did not Lead the fight in favor of building the dam at

Hetch Hetchy Valley. John Muir, the founder of the Sierra Club was said to have driven him to his death.

In 1904,

Ida Tarbell published a highly critical study on the Standard Oil trust.

Woodrow Wilson Created the Federal Reserve Act which created a new type of

Paper Currency

*Taft later fires Pinchot for insubordination in a 1909 controversy involving

Pinchot and Gifford Ballinger.

Regarding divorce in the United States during the progressive era, by 1916 more than ten percent of

all marriages ended in divorce.

During the progressive era, clubs for African American women in some cases may have had an

anti-lynching focus

Regarding women and the professions during the Progressive Era, social work was generally thought to be an

appropriate career for women.

Robert La Follette

as governor of Wisconsin & a progressive reformer, helped with approval for the direct primary, initiative, and referendums.

New York's Tammany hall was an

important vehicle for social reform during the progressive era.

The Western States focused and targeted their reform efforts on the federal government because

it exerted great power over them (western states).

The Woman's Christian Temperance Union was, at one time, the

largest women's organization in American history.

In 1913, Congress passed a graduated income tax to offset the

loss of revenue

During the progressive era, the "new woman" was a product of a

lower birth rate, the movement to work outside the home, increased schooling for children, higher levels of education.

One of the first targets for political reformers was

municipal governments.

Theodore Roosevelt as an environmental conservationist he also added extensive land to the

national forest system.

Prior to the adoption of the secret ballot, voter ballots were

printed and distributed by the political parties.

When reforming city governments, they frequently attempted to hire

professionally trained business managers or engineers as city managers.

The twentieth century,

progressive activists believed in the transformational power of enlightened public opinion.

"muckrakers"

referred to journalists

The Supreme Court, in two rulings related to the 1916 Keating Owen Act, struck down

reform legislation.

During the progressive era, political "interest groups" rose to

replace the declining power of the interest groups

Theodore Roosevelt 1912 he was reluctant to become a candidate for the presidency because Robert La Follette had been working to

secure the nomination for himself.

The settlement house movement also spawned the profession of

social worker

The Socialist Party of America grew

stronger during this era.

Louis D. Brandies Lawyer and Supreme Court Justice - argued against large corporations. He believed that

the federal government should break them up because it limited competition was a threat to freedom, was inefficient and encouraged abuses of power.

At the turn of the twentieth century,

the leaders of the settlement house movement directed their attention to improving urban living conditions.

The women's club movement had a national organization to coordinate

club activities.

Woodrow Wilson political program known as "New Freedom" he believed that trusts should be

destroyed.

President Taft didn't have the dynamic personality of Theodore Roosevelt,

didn't necessarily please progressives, but got along with conservatives.

Regarding organizing the professions during the Progressive Era, by 1916, all states had

established professional bar associations.

Theodore R- 1910 he announced a set of political principles that called for greater activism by the

federal government.

Colonel Edward House was one of Wilson's closest advisors during his

first term.

World War I hurt the socialist movement in the U.S. because it

generated anti-radical feelings in the country.

Thorstein Veblen argued that modern societies should rely on a

handful of experts to solve their social problems.

Supporters of woman suffrage argued that female voters deserved the vote because of

their unique traits as women.

Industrial Workers of the World advocated for a single

union for all workers

The proponents for political reform were generally made up of members from the

urban middle class

Legislation Passed -

· National Reclamation Act · Hepburn Railroad Regulation Act · Pure Food and Drug Act · Meat Inspection Act · Upton Sinclair 1906 novel "the Jungle" encouraged the federal government to regulate the meatpacking industry.

The 1912 Republican convention was an ideological contest between the

· Old Guard and the "Bull Moose".

Progressive Reformers -

William Borah - Idaho- West George Norris - Nebraska - West Hiram Johnson - California - West Alfred Smith - New York - East

The temperance movement gained momentum between 1914 and 1919 as a result of

World War I It was supported by business employers.

Theodore Roosevelt - when elected in 1901 ...

Youngest American ever to hold office, wanted government to be able to investigate corporate activities, and ordered federal arbitration in the 1902 strike of the United Mine Workers.

In the years prior to the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment, a

a large majority of states gave some voting rights to women, and many states gave full voting rights to women.

W.E.B. Du Bois stressed that

blacks should aspire to be professional, that talented blacks should accept nothing less than a full university education and should fight for immediate civil rights.

Early 20th century -Eugenics

supported the restriction of immigration by nationality.

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries,

the "Social Gospel" was an effort to make religious faith a tool of social reform.

The Federal Trade Commission Act created an agency to determine whether

whether business practices were acceptable to the government.

New York, Michigan, Illinois, and California gave

women the right to vote.