Chapter 20 APUSH
The most distinctive quality of women in professions during the progressive era was that women were concentrated in the
"helping" professions.
Progressive era political reforms
1. Initiatives and referendums were designed in order to weaken the state legislatures. 2. Recall and Direct primary were designed to weaken political parties.
Theodore Roosevelt did not run for another term in 1908 as he had promised in
1904
Theodore did however hand-pick William Howard Taft to succeed him that
1908 election.
Strict regulations were imposed on factory owners after the
1911 Triangle shirtwaist fire in New York City.
Woodrow Wilson won only the plurality of the Popular Vote in the
1912 Election
The first law regulating child labor was the
1916 Keating Owen Act.
Progressivism
Although there were many meanings - main idea during this period tended to be based on the central assumption that American society was capable of improvement.
During the progressive era, the leader of American socialism was
Eugene V. Deb
Significant voting rights for women were first won in the
Far West.
On that note, the first director of the National Forest Service was
Gifford Pinchot.
President Roosevelt did not Lead the fight in favor of building the dam at
Hetch Hetchy Valley. John Muir, the founder of the Sierra Club was said to have driven him to his death.
In 1904,
Ida Tarbell published a highly critical study on the Standard Oil trust.
Woodrow Wilson Created the Federal Reserve Act which created a new type of
Paper Currency
*Taft later fires Pinchot for insubordination in a 1909 controversy involving
Pinchot and Gifford Ballinger.
Regarding divorce in the United States during the progressive era, by 1916 more than ten percent of
all marriages ended in divorce.
During the progressive era, clubs for African American women in some cases may have had an
anti-lynching focus
Regarding women and the professions during the Progressive Era, social work was generally thought to be an
appropriate career for women.
Robert La Follette
as governor of Wisconsin & a progressive reformer, helped with approval for the direct primary, initiative, and referendums.
New York's Tammany hall was an
important vehicle for social reform during the progressive era.
The Western States focused and targeted their reform efforts on the federal government because
it exerted great power over them (western states).
The Woman's Christian Temperance Union was, at one time, the
largest women's organization in American history.
In 1913, Congress passed a graduated income tax to offset the
loss of revenue
During the progressive era, the "new woman" was a product of a
lower birth rate, the movement to work outside the home, increased schooling for children, higher levels of education.
One of the first targets for political reformers was
municipal governments.
Theodore Roosevelt as an environmental conservationist he also added extensive land to the
national forest system.
Prior to the adoption of the secret ballot, voter ballots were
printed and distributed by the political parties.
When reforming city governments, they frequently attempted to hire
professionally trained business managers or engineers as city managers.
The twentieth century,
progressive activists believed in the transformational power of enlightened public opinion.
"muckrakers"
referred to journalists
The Supreme Court, in two rulings related to the 1916 Keating Owen Act, struck down
reform legislation.
During the progressive era, political "interest groups" rose to
replace the declining power of the interest groups
Theodore Roosevelt 1912 he was reluctant to become a candidate for the presidency because Robert La Follette had been working to
secure the nomination for himself.
The settlement house movement also spawned the profession of
social worker
The Socialist Party of America grew
stronger during this era.
Louis D. Brandies Lawyer and Supreme Court Justice - argued against large corporations. He believed that
the federal government should break them up because it limited competition was a threat to freedom, was inefficient and encouraged abuses of power.
At the turn of the twentieth century,
the leaders of the settlement house movement directed their attention to improving urban living conditions.
The women's club movement had a national organization to coordinate
club activities.
Woodrow Wilson political program known as "New Freedom" he believed that trusts should be
destroyed.
President Taft didn't have the dynamic personality of Theodore Roosevelt,
didn't necessarily please progressives, but got along with conservatives.
Regarding organizing the professions during the Progressive Era, by 1916, all states had
established professional bar associations.
Theodore R- 1910 he announced a set of political principles that called for greater activism by the
federal government.
Colonel Edward House was one of Wilson's closest advisors during his
first term.
World War I hurt the socialist movement in the U.S. because it
generated anti-radical feelings in the country.
Thorstein Veblen argued that modern societies should rely on a
handful of experts to solve their social problems.
Supporters of woman suffrage argued that female voters deserved the vote because of
their unique traits as women.
Industrial Workers of the World advocated for a single
union for all workers
The proponents for political reform were generally made up of members from the
urban middle class
Legislation Passed -
· National Reclamation Act · Hepburn Railroad Regulation Act · Pure Food and Drug Act · Meat Inspection Act · Upton Sinclair 1906 novel "the Jungle" encouraged the federal government to regulate the meatpacking industry.
The 1912 Republican convention was an ideological contest between the
· Old Guard and the "Bull Moose".
Progressive Reformers -
William Borah - Idaho- West George Norris - Nebraska - West Hiram Johnson - California - West Alfred Smith - New York - East
The temperance movement gained momentum between 1914 and 1919 as a result of
World War I It was supported by business employers.
Theodore Roosevelt - when elected in 1901 ...
Youngest American ever to hold office, wanted government to be able to investigate corporate activities, and ordered federal arbitration in the 1902 strike of the United Mine Workers.
In the years prior to the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment, a
a large majority of states gave some voting rights to women, and many states gave full voting rights to women.
W.E.B. Du Bois stressed that
blacks should aspire to be professional, that talented blacks should accept nothing less than a full university education and should fight for immediate civil rights.
Early 20th century -Eugenics
supported the restriction of immigration by nationality.
In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries,
the "Social Gospel" was an effort to make religious faith a tool of social reform.
The Federal Trade Commission Act created an agency to determine whether
whether business practices were acceptable to the government.
New York, Michigan, Illinois, and California gave
women the right to vote.