chapter 20: DNA tools and biotechnology
gel electrophoresis
separates and visualizes fragments produced; uses a gel made of polymer to separate a mix of nucleic acids or proteins based on size charge etc
imatinib drug
a small molecule that inhibits overexpression of a specific leukemia-causing receptor
stem cell
can produce itself indefinitely or under certain conditions can differentiate into one or more types of specialized cells
protein
cloned genes can be expressed as _______ in either bacterial or eukaryotic cells
DNA microarray assays
compare patterns of gene expression in different tissues, at different times, or under different conditions
cDNA
complementary DNA to mature RNA; contains only exons
dna cloning
scientists prepare well-defined DNA segments in multiple identical copies
short tandem repeats (STRs)
repeating sequences of noncoding DNA; analyze genetic profiles
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
A method of producing thousands of copies of DNA segment using the enzyme DNA polymerase
RNA interference (RNAi)
A technique used to silence the expression of selected genes; uses synthetic double-stranded RNA molecules that match the sequence of a particular gene to trigger the breakdown of the gene's messenger RNA
restriction fragments
DNA segment resulting from cutting of DNA by a restriction enzyme
genetic engineering
The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes
biotechnology
The manipulation of living organisms or their components to produce useful products
expression vector
a cloning vector that contains a highly active bacterial promoter just upstream of a restriction site where the eukaryotic gene can be inserted in the correct reading frame
Pax-6
a gene that directs formation of a vertebrate eye; the same gene in flies directs the formation of an insect eye; this gene in flies and vertebrates can substitute
recombinant dna
a molecule with DNA from two different sources
cloning vector
a plasmid used to clone a foreign gene
dna technology
affect everything from agriculture, to criminal law, to medical research
gene therapy
alteration of an afflicted individual's genes
electroporation
applying a brief electrical pulse to create temporary holes in plasma membranes
heating, cooling, and respiration
brings about a chain reaction that produces an exponentially growing population of identical dna molecules
genetically modified organisms
crops that carry new traits that have been inserted through advanced genetic engineering methods
restriction enzymes
cut DNA at specific sequences called restriction sites; most useful way is staggered and produces sticky ends
Sanger
developed the first automated procedure based on a technique called didexy or chain termination sequencing
pluripotent
embryonic stem cells able to give rise to multiple, but not all, cell types
dna ligase
enzyme that seals the bonds between restriction fragments
neanderthals and wooly manmoths
genome sequences of these 2 extinct species have been completed
eukaryotic cells such as yeasts
hosts for cloning and expressing genes to avoid incompatibility issues
genetic profile
individuals unique dna sequence
nucleic acid probes
locate nucleotide sequence characteristic of species or group
Ti plasmid
most commonly used vector for introducing new genes into plant cells
identify the mRNAs being made
most straightforward way to discover which genes are expressed in certain cells
in vitro mutagenesis
mutations are introduced into a cloned gene, altering or destroying its function
totipotent cell
one that can generate a complete new organism
transgenic
producers of larger amounts of otherwise rare substances for medical use; made by introducing genes from one species into the genome of another animal
next generation sequencing
single template strand that is immobilized and amplified to produce an enormous number of identical fragments
plasmids
small circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the bacterial chromosome
nucleic acid hybridization
the base pairing of one strand of a nucleic acid to a complementary sequence on another strand
DNA sequencing
the process of determining the precise order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule
gene cloning
the production of multiple copies of a single gene
third generation sequencing
the techniques used are even faster and less expensive than the previous
in situ hybridization
uses fluorescent dyes attached to probes to identify location of specific mRNAs in place in intact organism
phenotype
when the mutated gene is returned to the cell, the normal gene's function might be determined by examining the mutant's ______
bacterial plasmids
widely used as cloning vectors because they are readily obtained, easily manipulated, easily introduced into bacterial cells, and once in the bacteria they multiply rapidly