Chapter 20 section 3
Haiti's independence class notes why did the french surrender to haiti
January 1804 French army surrendered why? 1. Yellow fever 2. Haitian's guerilla tactics 3. Napoleon no longer support effects
What did toussaint join
Joined insurrection when he realized the Haitians weren't organized
Based on what you read, how could the class system play a role in the struggles in Latin America
Lower classes had less rights, were poor, and didn't have good jobs. Slaves and native Indians had less opportunities. No other classes opinions in government. Majority of the population were poor and unhappy
In summary how could Latin americas class system spark revolution
Lower classes wanted freedom, job opportunities, a role in the government
Insurrection
Rebellion;organized opposition to authority.
Who did Haiti borrow loans from to pay for debt to france
Take high interest loans from the US
when did wars of independence end and what was bolivar trying to do
ended by 1824 he worked tirelessly to unite the lands he had liberated into a single nation, called the Gran Colombia. bitter rivalries however made that dream impossible. before long, gran columbia split into four independent countries: Columbia, panama, venezuela, and ecuador.
creoles
european-descended latin americans who owned the haciendas, ranches, and mines-bitterly resented their second-class status
what creole priest in mexico raised his voice for freedom
father miguel hidalgo. he presided over the poor rural parish of Dolores.
who was dreaming of independence in ealry 1800s
discontent spread across south america. educated creoles like Simón Bolívar admired the french and american revolutions. they dreamed of winning their own independence from Spain.
who started reading the works of enlightenment thinkers in 1700s
educated creoles. they watched colonists in north america throw off british rule. translations of the declaration of independence and the constituiton of the US circulated among the creole elite.
why did slaves rise up in revolt in 1791
embittered by suffering and inspired by the talk of liberty and equality.
was morelos captured
for four years, morelos led rebel forces before he, too, was captured and shot in 1815. spanish forces, backed by conservative creoles, hunted down the suriving guerrillas. they had almost succeeded in ending the rebel movement when events in spain had unexpected effects.
war of the first coalition outside
france declared itself a republic and abolished monarchy. Several countries gather their armies to contain the revolution in france.treaty of Basel between Spain, France. Spain gives its colony Sd to France. France now has all of it
french revolution outside
france has 3 constitutions and continous changes in government. fought many international wars and a civil war.
Ar in sd
free men of color from sd fought with Americna rebels in GA. they gained military skills and experience. strenthened desire for independence.
nine years war in saint d
french claim sd
what did merchants fret over
fretted under mercantilist policies that tied the colonies to spain.
what is hispanolia now called
haiti, french planters owned very profitable sugar plantations worked by nearly a half million enslaved africans. sugar plantations were labor-intensive. the slaves were overworked and underfed.
whwere did martin go to fight
he too led an army across the andes, from argentina to chile. he defeated the spanish in chile before moving into peru to strike further blows against colonial rule. san martín turned his command over to bolívar in 1822, allowing bolivar's forces to win the final victories against spain.
what other victories did bolívar have
succeeded in freeing Carcas, Venezuela. "The Liberator", as he was now called, then moved south into ecuador, peru, and bolivia. there he joined forces with another great leader José de san martin
what did native americans suffer from
suffered economic misery under the spanish, who had conquered the lands of their ancestors
what happened outside of sd in thirty years war (1618-1648)
the thirty years war provided the opportunity to colonize on places like havana, cuba, sd. included spain, france, britain, netherlands, others fighting for power and colonies.
nine years war outside of sd
the treaty of Ryswick is signed. spain cedes western third of Hispanola to france
what happened in SD for thirty years war
their economy and population decreased, which allowed the french to settle on the island.
what did rebels achieve by 1798
their goal: slavery was abolished, and toussaint's forces controlled most of the island
proclaim
to announce publicly or formally
what did young creoles travels during french revolution
traveled in europe and were inspired by the ideals of "liberty, equality, and fraternity." yet despite their admiration for enlightenment ideas and revolution in other lands, most creoloes were reluctant to act.
what did toussaint do in response to napoleon bonaparte
urged his countrymen to take up arms once again to resist the invaders.
AR outside
us declared independence from england
Father José Morelos
was a mestizo who called wide-ranging social and poltical reform.
what is the class system based on
wealth, job, and title -way in which society is organized
class system
when citizens of a country are born to a certain position in life, with little opportunity to change that classification.
what is domintant language in latin america
spanish except for brazil which is portugeese
peninsulares
spanish-born and members of the highest social class, dominanted latin american politcal and social life.
was the struggle for freedom happening after toussaints left
struggle for freedom continued, but in 1803 with yellow fever destroying their army, the french surrendered. in january 1804 the island declared itself an independent country under the name haiti. in the following years, rival haitian leaders fought for power. finally, in 1820, haiti became a republic.
what did father hidalgo's speech become known as
"el Grito de Dolores"- the cry of Dolores. it called Mexicans to fight for independence.
what was the spark that finally ignited widespread rebellion in latin america?
- napoleon's invasion of spain in 1808. napoleon ousted the spanish king and placed his brother joseph bonaparte on the spanish throne. - in latin america, leaders saw spain's weakness as an opportunity to reject foreign domination and demand independence from colonial rule.
What was France doing that made it harder for them to maintain control
-France was too preoccupied with its own revolution - France and America on bad terms
Haiti after independence Class notes
-Isolated from international powers -not recognized as independent country 1825 when France recognized their independence and in 1864 when US recognized
who did iturbide spend years fighting?
-Mexican revolutionaries - suddenly in 1821 he reached out to them. -backed by creoles, mestizos, and native americans, he overthrew the Spanish viceroy.
What factor does he list as important contributors to the successful revolution in saint-domingue
-Unified population -clarity of leadership which included well organized/resource army -refusal to accept the status quo-can't take this anymore something has to change
what did pedro accept in brazil
-a consttituion that provided for freedom of press, freedom of religion, and an elected legislature. -brazil remained a monarchy until 1889 when social and polticial turmoil led it to become a republic.
san martin
-a creole born in argenitna but went to europe for military training
how was saint domingue under french rule
-economically prosperous -successful trade after depleted gold with resources growing goods like sugar, coffee, cotton exported out made france and island money -used human slavery-made a lot of moolah -oppressed natives -many natives died from disease
in 1630, france occupies saint domingue
-land at the island of tortuga -raid any passing spanish ship -eventually take control of haiti by way of Treaty of Ryswick (1697) (on map left part was france right part was DR)
Jean Jacques dessalines
-leader of revolution after toussaint -anger of slavery and mistreatment -lead a blood war against the French
who declared independence in early 1820s and what did iturbide try to do
-spanish-ruled lands in Central America. -iturbide tried to add these areas to his mexican empire
What percents of creoles in Latin America
18%
who did san martin help win freedom for
1816 helped argentina win freedom from spain he then joined the independence struggle in other areas.
What percent of spaniards in Latin america
2%
What percent of mestizos in Latin America
30%
What percent of native Indians in Latin america
45%
What percent of slaves in Latin America
5%
what did itudrbide take the title of once mexico was independent
Emperor Agustín I. soon however, liberal mexicans toppled the would-be monarch and set up a Republic of Mexico
What did toussaint become really good at
Finding openings for his army. This was a testament for his army and military skills. This included trenches, control, advantages
What were some of the causes of he American revolution?
Prices were surging Lower classes paying all taxes Wanted a say in government
New French constitution outside
Napoleon Bonaparte in power passes new constitution.
France abolishes slavery outside
National convention abolish slavery in France and territories
How could each of theses revolutions have inspired the people of Latin America to try and gain their independence
News spread to other countries and they were inspired by the two revolutions fighting for independence. Ideas that people should be equal and free
What explains why Haiti was so poor
Poor economy -infrastructure destroyed from burnt and destroyed during revolution - they were in debt to franc until 1947. They had to pay 22 billion dollars a year
War of the first coalition inside
Sd is invaded by Spain and Britain. SD is now controlled by France and Britain occupies parts of Sd until 1798
simon bolivar
Simon Bolivar who was also known as the Libertador and George Washington. He was attracted to enlightenment ideas. He united the Spanish colonies into Gran Columbia. Bolivar liberated Panama, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, and Peru which is today known as Bolivia. He united the countries he liberated but it did not last long
France abolished slavery inside
Slavery is abolished in sd
who did the slave rovlt frighten in spanish america
creoles. although they wanted power themselves, most had no desire for economic or social change that might threaten their way of life.
Explain why creoles could be resentful of the people in Latin America that were Spanish born
They could hold office in the government Had more powerful
Explain how lives of native people and slaves were similar
They were poor Had very little rights Lower classes
who marched the outskirts of mexico city
a ragged army of poor mestizos and native americans rallied to father hidalgo and marched to the outskirtrs of mexico city.
did the revolt/rebels of hidalgo's get what they fought for
after some early successes, the rebels faced growing opposition. less than a year after he issued the "Grito", Hidalgo was captured and executed, and his followers scattered.
what did the french and toussaint agree to
agreed to truce, but then they captured toussaint and carried him in chains to france. he died there in a cold mountain prison a year later.
who did the move of liberals forcing the king to issue a constitution alarm?
alarmed Agustín de Iturbide, a conservative creole in mexico. he feared that the new spanish government might impose liberal reforms on the colonies as well.
why were mestizos and mulattoes angry
angry at being denied the status, wealth, and power that were available to whites.
who continued the fight after hidalgo
another priest picked up the banner of revolution. Father Jose Morelos
did the creoles support the revolt made my hidalgo
at first, some creoles supported the revolt. however, they soon rejcted hidalgo's call for an end to slavery and his plea for reforms to improve conditions for native americans. they felt that these policies would cost them power
slaves revolt lead by Dutty Boukman
august 21, 1791 boukman rebellion -led by dutty boukman - organized a meeting in the northern moutains -burned plantations -grew in strength with freed slaves joinging -boukman eventually captured and beheaded
what was the plan that bolívar conceived that was daring
he would march his army across the andes and attack the spanish at Bogotá, the capital of the viceroyalty of New Granada (present day Columbia). first he cemented an alliance with the hard-riding llañeros, or venezuelan cowboys. then in a grueling caimpaign he led an army through swampy lowlands down to bogota from the surprised spanish.
french revolution in sd
ideas of the fr influenced whites, affranchis gave hope to enslaved. the polticial and social changes in france moved down to its colonies.
what did father jose morelos want to improve
improve conditions for the majority of mexicans, abolish slavery, and give the vote to all men.
what happened to pedro
in 1822 pedro followed is father's advice -a revolution had brought new leaders to portugal who planned to abolish refprms and demanded that dom pedro return -pedro refused to leave brazil -instead he became emperor of an indepedent brazil
what caused a widespread drive for independence in 1800s
in south america, native americans had rebelled against spanish ruleas early as the 1700s, though with limited results. it was not until the 1800s that discontent among the creoles sparked a widesrpead drive for independence.
declaration of the rights of man and citizen sd
it caused further divide in the population between wealthy white colonist, poorer whites, and affranchis.
what was spreading to lating america in late 1700s
liberal ideas. they were tired of 300 years of spanish rule
who fored the king to issue a constitution in Spain 1820
liberals
what happened after emperor agustín's I overthrow
local leaders set up a republic called the United Provinces of Central America. the unions soon fragmented into the separate republics of Guatemala, Nicaragua, honduras, el salvador, and costa rica.
what did Toussaint's face
many enemies. some mulatoes joined french planters against rebels. france, spain, and britain all sent armies against them. the fighting took more lives than any other revolution in the americas.
who longed for freedom
masses of enslaved Africans in the caribbean region and parts of south africa who worked on plantations
what population was growing
mestizos and mulattoes
who sent a large army to conquer the former colony haiti in 1802 a few years after controlling most of island
napoleon bonaparte
what did he summon the people to prayer
on september 15, 1810 he rang the church bells summoning the people to prayer. when they gathered, he startled them with an urgent appeal, "My children, will you be free?"
who were the only ones who could top jobs in government and the church
peninsulares
mulattoes
people of african and european descent
mestizos
people of native american and european descent
what did napoleon's armies conquer and who fled
portugal, the portuguese royal family fled to brazil. when the king returned to portugal, he left his son Dom Pedro to rule brazil. "if brazil demands independence," the king advises pedro, "proclaim it yourself and put the crown on your own head."
what other dissapointment did bolivar face
power struggles among rival leaders triggered destructive civil wars. before his death in 1830, a discouraged bolviar wrote, "we have achieved our independence at the expense of everything else." contrary to his dreams, south americas common people had simply changed one set of masters for another.
who did the rebels find a good leader for revolt in 1791
rebels were fortunate to find an intelligent and skillful leader in Toussaint L'Ouverture- a self-educated former slave. although untrained, Toussaint was a brilliant general and inspiring commander.
when did bolivar and his friends see it as a good time to act
when napoleon bonaparte occupied spain. in 1810 bolívar led an urpising that established a republic in his native Venezuela. bolívar's new republic was quickly toppled by conservative forces, however. for years, civil war raged in venezuela. the revolutinaires suffered many setbacks. twice bolívar was forced into exile on the island of haiti
declaration of the rights of man and citizen outside
written and adopted by french national assembly. FNA excluded french colonies from france new constituiton which included the DRMC.
was revolution erupting in a french-ruled colony on the island of Hispaniola before spanish colonists hoisted the flag of freedom?
yes
was mexico independent and what made them independent
yes mexico was independent because iturbide overthre spanish viceroy.