Chapter 21 Civil Rights Era

Martin Luther King was assassinated in the year:

1968

Shirley Chisholm

1st African American woman elected to Congress (NY) and later made a bid for the Democratic nomination in the 1972 presidential campaign

Detroit Riots

43 people were killed and property damage topped $40 million

Ella Baker

55 year old executive director of the SCLC; urged student leaders who had encouraged sit-ins to create their own organization (the SNCC - Student Nonviolent Cooperating Committee)

Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was:

American Baptist minister and activist who was a leader in the Civil Rights Movement

Bayard Rustin

American Civil Rights activist. Cheif organizer of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.

Vernon Jordan

American civil rights leader who wanted to register black voters, headed National Urban League in 70s

The Selma Campaign

An organized voter registration drive led to brutal/violent attacks. MLK announced a 50 mile march to Montgomery, Alabama.

Atlanta Constitution

Atlanta newspaper that became a leader in southern papers; edited by Henry W. Grady

Eugene "Bull" Connor

Birmingham police commissioner who arrested over 900 marching kids and directed the fire station to blast them with fire hoses and let police dogs loose on them.

Eugene "Bull" Connor was a central figure in:

Birmingham public safety commissioner whose ideologies and orders were in direct opposition to the Civil Rights Movement

The _________ founded in 1966 to fight police brutality, poverty, and discrimination in Oakland, CA

Black Panthers

King objected to the use of this slogan because he believed it provoked violence.

Black Power

Beatles

Blackbird

In 1957, following the Arkansas governor's refusal to obey the Supreme Court decision in the ___case, a crisis occurs in Little Rock. President Eisenhower places the Arkansas National Guard under federal control and orders paratroopers into the city.

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

de facto segregation

Racial segregation that occurs in schools, not as a result of the law, but as a result of patterns of residential settlement

Aretha Franklin

Respect

In 1955, ___ is arrested for refusing to give up a bus seat to a white man.

Rosa Parks

Diane Nash

SNCC leader

Televised scenes of violence during this event convinced Lyndon B. Johnson to ask Congress for swift passage of a voting rights act.

Selma to Montgomery March

After the passage of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments, African Americans continued to experience political and economic oppression mainly because

Southern legislatures enacted Jim Crow laws

He urged the SNCC to stop recruiting whites and to focus on developing African-American pride.

Stokely Carmichael

civil rights leader who became impatient with nonviolence and called for "Black Power"

Stokely Carmichael

Billie Holiday

Strange Fruit

The ___________ coordinated sit-ins, freedom rides, and other protests in the civil rights movement

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

Lynyrd Skynyrd

Sweet Home Alabama

14th Amendment

The _________ gave all U.S. citizens guaranteed equal protection of the laws (Constitution)

24th Amendment

The ___________ prevents Congress and the States from levying a poll tax against voters.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

The _____________ banned race, gender, and religious discrimination in labor and public accommodations

A major turning point in the civil rights movement was marked by ___.

The assassination of MLK

Governor Orval Faubus

The governor of Arkansas who sent the national guard to keep black students out of a school in Little Rock, Arkansas

Governor Herman Talmadge

The governor of Georgia, said his state would not tolerate the mixing of races in school or tax run places after the Supreme Court rules otherwise

Southern Manifesto

The manifesto was a document written by legislators opposed to integration. Most of the signatures came from Southern Democrats, showing that they would stand in the way of integration, leading to another split/shift in the Democratic Party.

Virgil Blossom

The superintendent of Little Rock's schools. He supports the plan for integration, but he does little to enforce it or protect the students.

Michael Schwerner, Andrew Goodman, and James Chaney

Three civil rights workers murdered in Philadelphia, Mississippi, in 1964 for trying to assist black Americans in registering to vote

NAACP lawyer who argued the Brown v. Board of Education case before the Supreme Court

Thurgood Marshall

The NAACP attorney who argued the Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education was:

Thurgood Marshall

The U.S. President who issued executive orders banning segregation in the federal workforce and the military was:

Truman

Andrew Young

UN ambassador and Atlanta's mayor

Ralph Bunche

United States diplomat and United Nations official (1904-1971), frist African American to receive the Nobel Peace Prize; helped legitimize the United Nations; Medal of Freedom from Kennedy

Ole Miss

University of Mississippi (Ole Miss) admitted its first black or African-American student, James Meredith, with U.S. Marshals enforcing the rules to integrate the school.

This law eliminated the literacy test and stated that federal examiners could enroll voters denied suffrage by local officials.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Sweatt v. Painter

_________ established that all state law schools must admit African-American applicants

Mississippi Burning refers to:

a 1988 American crime thriller film....based on the FBI's investigation into the murders of three civil rights workers in the state of Mississippi in 1964.

Fannie Lou Hamer

a SNCC organizer and former sharecropper who had been evicted from her farm after registering to vote & thrown in jail for urging other African Americans to register to vote; helped organize the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party & challenged the legality of the segregated Democratic Party at the Democratic Convention

In the summer of 1964, thousands of white college students took part in ___.

a campaign to register african american voters in mississippi

Which of the following is an example of de facto segregation?

a cocentration of urban african americans in slum areas

Civil Rights Act of 1968

a law that banned discrimination in housing

Charles Hamilton Houston

a prominent African American lawyer, Dean of Howard University Law School, and NAACP Litigation Director who played a significant role in dismantling the Jim Crow laws, which earned him the title The Man Who Killed Jim Crow. He is also well known for having trained future Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall.

Watts Riot

a white officer beat a black motorist in LA which caused 6 days of violence and thirty four people to die. Home were burned and the national guard had to be brought in.

One legacy of the civil rights movement that has been challenged in recent years is ___.

affirmative action programs

One legacy of the civil rights movement that has been challenged in the courts in recent years is ___.

affirmative action programs

Mississippi Freedom Summer is noted for:

attempt to register as many African-American voters as possible in Mississippi

James Meredith was the first African American to:

attend the University of Mississippi in 1962

Events such as ___ & ___ helped set the stage for the civil rights movement. (you must select 2 answers)

better access to good jobs during World War II

Chicago Defender

black newspaper by Robert S. Abbott that was brought by train to the South • Implored blacks to come North for jobs

In the mid to late 1960s, the Civil Rights Movement was overshadowed by the:

black power movement

Filibusters were used by United States Senators from the South in the 1950s and 1960s to

block passage of civil rights bills

Jim Clark

chief of police in Birmingham; altercation with CT Vivian and other protestors

Rev. Jesse Jackson

civil rights leader, runs as first black man to run as democratic candidate in 1988 election primary, lost to Dukakis in primary, supports Rainbow coalition ( women, minorities, poor working class)

Bryon De La Beckwith

convicted of killing civil rights leader Medgar Evers. KKK member.

The abolitionist movement, the women's suffrage movement, and the 1960's civil rights movement are all examples of reform efforts that

developed significant popular support

During the civil rights movement of the 1960s, activities of the Congress of Racial Equality, the National Urban League, and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) illustrated that

different approaches can be used to achieve a common goal

What was the main type of pressure exerted by the Montgomery Improvement Association in response to segregation on buses?

economic

When necessary to achieve justice, which method did Martin Luther King, Jr., urge his followers to employ?

engaging in civil disobedience

During the twentieth century discrimination and racism were limited to the South. true or false?

false

In 1957, President Eisenhower sent federal troops to Birmingham, Alabama to ensure the admittance of nine black students to an all-white high school. true or false?

false

President Eisenhower personally agreed with the Supreme Court's decision in the case, Brown v. Board of Education. true or false?

false

The "Southern Manifesto" was the master plan for desegregating the South. true or false?

false

The 1964 FBI investigation into the murder of three civil rights workers is known as COINTELPRO. true or false?

false

The Emancipation Proclamation ended slavery in the United States. true or false?

false

The three Reconstruction Amendments were intended to extend the "blessings of liberty" to the entire male populace, including slaves and their descendants. true or false?

false

While imprisoned in Alabama, civil rights leader Jesse Jackson wrote "Letter from a Birmingham Jail." true or false?

false

Huey Newton and Bobby Seale

founders of the Black Panthers

One accomplishment of the ___ was bringing about a federal ban on segregation in all interstate travel facilities.

freedom riders

They tested the Supreme Court decisions banning segregation on interstate bus routes and facilities in bus terminals.

freedom riders

Civil Rights Act of 1957

gave the attorney general greater power over school desegregation, gave federal government jurisdiction over violations of african american voting rights

The "Little Rock Nine" was/were:

group of nine African American students enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957, fighting for their education

Floyd McKissick

head of CORE and part of the "walk against fear"

Supporters of the Civil Rights Movement used all of the following tactics except:

hunger strikes

De jure segregation is segregation that results from ___.

laws

John Lewis

national chairman of SNCC

Which of the following was not advocated (supported) by the Black Panthers?

nonviolence

Lunch counter sit-ins and the actions of freedom riders are examples of

nonviolent attempts to oppose segregation

Jo Ann Robinson

organized Women's Political Council in Montgomery to boycott busses in 1955 after Rosa Parks removed from bus. Year long boycott successfully lead to desegregation and to national attention and support for Civil Rights Act 1963

Which step was taken following this speech to advance the dream of Martin Luther King, Jr.?

passage of new civil right acts

A protest technique used by college students to desegregate lunch counters was:

sit-ins

In 1960, members of SNCC use ___ to desegregate lunch counters throughout the South.

sit-ins

Martin Luther King, Jr., was a founder and the first president of the ___.

southern christian leadership conference

The Landmark federal legislation that effectively ended the Jim Crow era was the:

the civil rights act of 1964

Which of the following supported the legality of racial segregation and led to the passage of Jim Crow laws?

the decision of plessy vs. ferguson

Which of the following is not associated with the Black Power movement?

the mississippi freedom democratic party

The first organized movement by African Americans to fight segregation was ___.

the montgomery , alabama, bus boycott

The major goal of the civil rights movement of the 1960's was to

to end segregation based on race

In 1947, Jackie Robinson became the first African American:

to play for a Major League Baseball team

Beginning in the 1870s, many Southern states sought to discriminate against and disenfranchise African Americans. true or false?

true

Following the Civil War three new amendments to the U.S. Constitution extended to former slaves freedom, citizenship, the right to due process and equal protection under the law, and the right to vote. true or false?

true

Following the Selma Voting Rights campaign, SNCC rejected non-violence and embraced a doctrine of "Black Power." true or false?

true

In 1955, a 14 year-old boy named Emmett Till was murdered for allegedly whistling at a white woman in Money, Mississippi. true or false?

true

In 1963, police infamously attacked civil rights demonstrators with police dogs and fire hoses in Birmingham, Alabama. true or false?

true

In the early twentieth century, many African Americans moved to the North in search of jobs and better living conditions. true or false?

true

In the mid to late 1960s, the Civil Rights Movement gave way to the Black Panther Movement. true or false?

true

Malcolm X was the spokesperson for the NAACP

true

Poll taxes and literacy tests were used by Southern states to disenfranchise African Americans following the Civil War. true or false?

true

President John F. Kennedy was an enthusiastic supporter of Civil Rights. true or false?

true

The 1896 Supreme Court case "Plessy v. Ferguson" affirmed that segregation was legal as long as accommodations were "separate or equal." true or false?

true

The Civil Rights Movement generally refers to the movements in the United States aimed at outlawing racial discrimination against African Americans and restoring Suffrage in Southern states. true or false?

true

The Freedom Rides were designed to test compliance with Supreme Court rulings barring segregated facilities for interstate travel. true or false?

true

The Ku Klux Klan was a white supremacist group that perpetrated violence against African Americans. true or false?

true

Jo Ann Gibson Robinson

victim of a segregation act on a bus in segregated bus in Montgomery, alabama. Also a professor at the all black alabama state college. President of the women's political council

E.D. Nixon

was an African-American civil rights leader and union organizer in Alabama who played a crucial role in organizing the landmark Montgomery Bus Boycott there in 1955.

This is the type of segregation addressed by the Civil Rights Act of 1965.

De jure segregation

Medgar Evers

Director of the NAACP in Mississippi and a lawyer who defended accused Blacks, he was murdered in his driveway by a member of the Ku Klux Klan.

president who ordered soldiers to protect African-American students trying to integrate a white high school in Little Rock, Arkansas

Dwight D Eisenhower

James Farmer

CORE director

"I would agree with Saint Augustine that 'An unjust law is no law at all.' " ~ Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. "Letter From Birmingham City Jail" This statement was used by Dr. King to show support for

Civil Disobedience

When President Dwight D. Eisenhower sent Federal troops to Little Rock, Arkansas, during the 1957 school integration crisis, he was exercising his constitutional power as

Commander-in-Chief

Martin Luther King, Jr. was inspired by the philosophies of non-violent protest and passive resistance practiced by the political and spiritual leader:

Elijah Muhammed

Many people believe that his murder sparked the beginning of the civil rights movement?

Emmett Till's Murder

Congress of Racial Equality

Founded in 1942 this Civil Rights Group organized the first sit-ins

Congress of Racial Equality

Founded in 1942 this Civil Rights group organized the first sit-ins

The Alabama Governor who promised, "segregation today, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever" was:

George Wallace

The Alabama politician who promised, "...segregation today, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever" was:

George Wallace

Governor Ross Barnett

Governor of Mississippi, refused to let African American James Meredith register at Ole Miss. JFK ordered federal Marshalls to escort Meredith to registrar office. Governor makes radio appeal which starts white riots

James Peck

He was a white civil rights activist who joined other CORE members on a historic bus trip across the South.

Bull Connor

He was the chief of police of Birmingham, Alabama during the Civil Rights Movement. His use of excessive force against the peaceful marchers on television brought attention to the issue, and helped gain support for civil right legislation.

James Earl Ray

Hired by unidentified people to assassinate Martin Luther King, Jr. He shot and killed King on the balcony of his hotel in Memphis, Tennessee on April 4, 1968. He was captured two months later in London.

Cesar Chavez created the United Farm Workers Organization Committee (UFWOC) in 1966 primarily to

Improve working conditions for migrant laborers

An original purpose of affirmative action programs was to

Increase educational and employment opportunities for women and minorities

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

Involved in the American Civil Rights Movement formed by students whose purpose was coordinate a nonviolent attack on segregation and other forms of racism.

U.S. military veteran who became the first African American to attend the University of Mississippi "Ole Miss"

James Meredith

Jimmie Lee Jackson

Jimmie Lee Jackson was a civil rights activist in Marion, Alabama, and a deacon in the Baptist church.

president who demanded that Congress pass a sweeping civil rights law but did not live to see it enacted

John F Kennedy

This President used federal marshals to protect the freedom riders on the last leg of their journey and to force the desegregation of the universities of Mississippi and Alabama

John F. Kennedy

He spoke of his dream during the March on Washington.

MLK

The black minister who led the Montgomery Bus Boycott and became the dominant voice of the Civil Rights Movement was

MLK

Appealing to many African Americans' anger and frustration over a lack of social and economic power, ___ preached a militant (violent) approach to civil rights

Malcolm X

Malcolm Little, he became a Black Muslim leader who urged blacks to separate from white society

Malcolm X

Not long before his assassination, a trip to Mecca helped to soften his attitude toward white people. He began preaching a message of "ballots or bullets."

Malcolm X

The 1963 political rally in support of civil and economic rights for African Americans was the:

March on Washington

The goal of this event was to persuade Congress to pass Kennedy's civil rights bill.

March on Washington (1963)

civil rights leader and minister who believed deeply in the power of nonviolent protest

Martin Luther King Jr

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. first gained national attention during:

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Rosa Parks was a central figure in the:

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Malcolm X was the chief spokesperson for:

NAACP

The pioneering civil rights organization that fought segregation primarily through the nation's legal system is known by the acronym:

NAACP

Headed by Elijah Muhammad this organization was also known as Black Muslims.

Nation of Islam

Ezell Blair, Jr.

North Carolina A&T student who participated in the first lunch counter sit-in igniting a movement that by late 1960 had affected 48 cities in 11 states

Robert Moses

One of SNCC's most influential leaders. Recruited black and white volunteers to help rural blacks register to vote

Elizabeth Eckford

One of the Little Rock Nine who did not get the message not to come to school. She went to school by herself and an angry Mob followed her there.

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

Party founded in Mississippi during the Freedom Summer of 1964. Its members attempted to attend the 1964 Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City, New Jersey, as the legitimate representatives of their state, but Democratic leaders refused to recognize the party.

_______________ established the "separate but equal" doctrine by declaring segregation as unconstitutional

Plessy v Ferguson

In 1896 the U.S. Supreme Court case affirmed that segregation was legal as long as accommodations were "separate but equal" in the case:

Plessy v. Ferguson

The Supreme Court's 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision reversed the doctrine of "Separate Equal" upheld in the landmark case:

Plessy v. Ferguson

Morgan v. Virginia

segregation on interstate buses was unconstitutional

Jim Crow laws resulted in:

separate drinking fountains, segregated restrooms, segregated schools, public places, and public transportation

Which doctrine (idea) relating to public education was overturned (ruled unconstitutional) by the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education?

"separate but equal"

Sam Cooke

A Change is Gonna Come

Kerner Commission

A group that was appointed by President Johnson to study the causes of urban violence and that recommended the elimination of de facto segregation in American society.

Fred Shuttlesworth

A head preacher in the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights, who convinced Martin Luther King, Jr. and his SCLC to visit Birmingham. With King's help, he was able to plan boycotts and demonstrations to rid "the most segregated city in America" of its hate and prejudice.

Affirmative Action

A policy in educational admissions or job hiring that gives special attention or compensatory treatment to traditionally disadvantaged groups in an effort to overcome present effects of past discrimination.

Which action designed to oppose a political or business policy is closest to the approach used by Martin Luther King, Jr.?

A war protestor accepting a jail term rather than registerin

In 1954, in Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court declares ___ unconstitutional (illegal).

segregation in public schools

Alice Walker

prize-winning novelist

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 made segregation illegal in which of the following?

public accomidations

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed in an effort to correct

racial and gender discrimination

The Civil Rights Movement can be considered a continuation of the struggle for racial equality which began during:

reconstruction

A term used to describe opponents of Reconstruction is:

redemption

What did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 allow federal officials to do?

register votes

The effect of this Supreme Court ruling was to

require the integration of public schools

During the 1950s and early 1960s, the Civil Rights Movement focused on desegregating:

schools, sit-ins, and transportation