Chapter 21 History

Who wrote The Wealth of Nations?

Adam Smith

What is one new alliance that formed as war broke out around the globe?

France allied with Austria which has previously been its rival

10. Two rivalries emerged: one between Britain and _______________ over colonial empires and another between Austria and __________________ over Silesia.

France, Prussia

Who discovered the universal law of gravitation?

Isaac Newton

Name two enlightened composers

Jospeh Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Who is the founder of modern chemistry?

Lavosier

Which three philosophes were most important in the first half of the eighteenth century?

Montesquieu, Voltaire, Diderot

rich Austrian province invaded by Prussia

Silesia

Detail: George Washington was commander in chief of the __________________________ Army

continental

14. Great Britain passed the Stamp Act in order to collect _________________ from the colonies.

revenue

The federal system is a form of government in which power is

shared between national and state governments

8. Many intellectuals of the 1500s and 1600s did not take Margaret Cavendish's work seriously because

she was a woman

How does Rousseau's The Social Contract describe liberty?

society agrees to be governed by general will

How did Locke's and Newton's ideas influence Enlightenment intellectuals?

they believed that society could be better

The United States created a federal system

true

Detail: Fighting between colonists and the British army began in April _______________.

1775

In _______________, the Treaty of Paris recognized the colonies' independence.

1783

The ____________________________________ created a weak central government that did not have the power to solve the country's problems.

Articles of Confederation

How did the end of the Seven Years' War affect the future United States of America?

Britain won much of North America, which contained the colonies that later became the United States.

11.The Great War for Empire, fought between _______________ and France, took place in _______________ and North America.

Britain, India

13. Under the treaty, England gained control of _______________, Spanish Florida, and all lands east of the Mississippi. Spain acquired the __________________ territory.

Canada, Lousiana

strengthened Russia but made life worse for the serfs in Austria

Catherine the Great

4.__________________ the Great, who ruled Russia from 1762 to _______________, knew the works of the Enlightenment philosophes.

Catherine, 1796

Support from _______________, _______________, and the Dutch Republic helped the colonists win the American Revolution.

France, Spain

Who developed the scientific method?

Francis Bacon

15. _____________________________ was the commander in chief of the Continental Army.

George Washington

3.Austria's _________________ implemented radical reforms; he abolished __________________ and eliminated the death penalty.

Joseph II, serfdom

tried to improve the life of the serfs

Maria Theresa

12. The Treaty of _______________ was signed in 1763 and left control of India to the __________________.

Paris, British

What finally happened to Silesia as a result of the Seven Years' War?

Prussia permenently kept it

How did the conclusion of the War of the Austrian Succession and its Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle set the stage for the Seven Years' War?

Prussia refused to return Silesia to Austria

Who wrote the phrase, "I think, therefore I am

Renee Descartes

23. Why did many European intellectuals admire the U.S. Revolution and its Constitution and Bill of Rights?

The colonies' ideas came from the ideals of natural rights proposed in the Enlightenment.

The British ended the war after their defeat at _______________________ in 1781.

Yorktown

1. In the system of enlightened _____________________, rulers tried to follow Enlightenment principles while keeping their royal __________________.

absolutism, powers

The states later approved ten _________________________ to the Constitution, known as the ____________________________. *

amendments, bill of rights

Diderot's Encyclopedia was used to

attack religious superstition

7.Eighteenth-century rulers' concern with the __________________ of power among states led them to use their armies to conquer new lands.

balance

16. The colonies feared a strong ___________________________________. *

central government

By approving the Declaration of Independence, a whole people had officially declared their right to

choose their government

Francis Bacon believed that scientists should

develop their own scientific methods

ruler who tried to apply Enlightenment ideas to the governing of his or her country while maintaining his or her full royal powers

enlightened absolutist

According to Rousseau, general will represents what is best for the

entire community

1. Copernicus argued that the planets revolved around the earth.

false

5. Copernicus's, Kepler's, and Galileo's theories were important because they all contributed to proving that the universe was centered around the earth

false

Deism was a religious philosophy based on faith and the rule of God.

false

Laissez-faire is an economic doctrine that says the state should control the economy

false

Rousseau argued that society should be governed by the military.

false

The British won the Battle of Yorktown

false

The Declaration of Independence was signed on July 5. 1777.

false

The United States Bill of Rights has twelve amendments.

false

The goal of the Enlightenment thinkers was to use the scientific method to keep society the same.

false

9. Why did Descartes decide to set aside everything that he had learned and begin again?

he doubted everything he had learned

How did Renaissance intellectuals view mathematics?

it was a key subject

What made the rococo style of art different from the earlier baroque style?

it was secular, emphasized grace and charm

Using _______________________ ideas, the government was separated into three branches: executive, legislative, and _________________.

judicial, Montesquieu's

18. The U.S. Constitution outlined a federal system with these three branches of government: _________________, _________________, and __________________.

judicial, executive, legislative

2. Both Frederick William I and Frederick II stressed service to the _______________ and enlarged the Prussian _______________.

king, army

The British colonies in North America each had a ________________________ that tended to act independently.

legislature

freedom of religion, speech, the press, and the right to own property

natural rights

13. Detail: The Bill of Rights derived from the concept of ____________________ rights proposed by _____________________ and the eighteenth-century philosophes. *

natural, John Lock

5. In order to please the Russian ___________________, Catherine did not enact reform; she took strong measures against Russian ___________________, and their conditions worsened. *

peasants, nobility

Because of the Stamp Act, what had to carry a stamp?

printed materials

According to The Wealth of Nations, what were the three main functions of government?

protect from invasion, perform public works, defend from justice

Education spread widely during the enlightenment because

reading material was aimed at the masses

6. How did new technology such as the telescope and new theories such as Pascal's Law lay the foundation of the Scientific Revolution?

scientists used them to create more new inventions and theories

Detail: On July 4, 1776, the _______________ Continental Congress approved the Declaration of Independence.

second

What two reasons did Mary Wollstonecraft present for giving women equal rights?

since women can reason they should have equal rights

After the Seven Years' War, Britain imposed the _______________________ and other taxes in an effort to cover its expenses.

stamp

6.The enlightened absolutists were guided mostly by their interest in the power and welfare of their _______________.

state

8.The War of the Austrian __________________ took place in Europe, Asia, and ___________________.

succession, North America

What instruments made scientific discoveries possible and helped ideas spread quickly?

telescopes, printing press, microscope

9. In 1748, the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle was signed, which guaranteed that all _____________________ would return to their original powers, except ________________, which remained in the hands of Prussia.

territories, Silesia

The Church attacked Galileo because he defended the system that said the ____________ revolved around the sun.

the earth and other planets

Where was Earth in Ptolemy's conceptions of the universe? *

the earth was the center of the universe

How did Galileo revolutionize the field of astronomy?

the heavenly bodies were not orbs of light but stars and planets

Mary Wollstonecraft's ideas about the rights of women were based on

the idea that women have reason, like men

Unlike baroque style, rococo art depicted

the pursuit of pleasure, happiness, and love

Frederick II of Prussia promoted greater freedom of speech, the press, and religion; however, he did not improve life for

the serfs

Where was Earth in Copernicus's conceptions of the universe?

the sun was the center of the universe

7. Which of the following made it possible for scientists to practice direct observation?

the telescope and microscope

Why did France, Spain, and the Dutch Republic want to help the colonies against Britain?

they were angry at the British, who had won earlier wars against them

2. Kepler was a mathematician who showed that the orbits of the planets were elliptical.

true

3. The Church attacked Galileo because he defended the system that said the earth revolved around the sun.

true

4. Newton's universal law of gravitation was important because it could explain all the movement in the universe.

true

King George I of England did not speak English

true

Montesquieu studied a system of government in which separation of powers caused the parts of the government to control and limit each other.

true

9. Detail: The _________________ of Confederation created an excessively _______________ central government.

weak, articles