Chapter 21 - Mastering A&P Questions
The nasal cavity opens into the nasopharynx through which structure?
choanae
The "C" in COPD stands for?
chronic
The measure of how easily lungs expand and contract is termed
compliance
The conchae
create turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus
_______ is the most common lethal inherited disease affecting people of the Northern European descent.
cystic fibrosis
The elastic cartilage the covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the
epiglottis
The openings to the nostrols are the
external nares
The lungs are divided into lobes by structures called
fissures
A hemoglobin molecule contains __________ globular protein subunits.
four
The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the
hard palate
The ____________ is a depression in the lung that allows attachment of the primary bronchi, pulmonary vessels, and other structures
hilum
The condition of having low tissue oxygen levels is known as
hypoxia
Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and has severe breathing difficulties. His problems result from
inability of the respiratory defense mechanism to transport mucus and production of thick secretions that are difficult to transport
Absorption of O2 from blood and release of CO2 from tissue cells is known as
internal respiration
Most of the carbon dioxide that is absorbed by blood:
is converted to carbonic acid
Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because
it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air
Which of the following statements about the chloride shift is FALSE?
it causes RBCs to swell
Which of the following statements about the trachea is FALSE?
it is reinforced with D-shaped cartilages
What branches form the trachea?
primary bronchi
The respiratory mucosa of the conduction airways consists of
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
The technical term for "breathing" is
pulmonary ventilation
Which of the following systems is responsible for gas exchange?
respiratory
The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is
respiratory distress syndrome
Which of the following can be calculated if the tidal volume and respiratory rate are known?
respiratory minute volume
During a choking episode, most foreign objects are more likely to become lodges in the _______ bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle.
right primary
In the lower respiratory tract, cartilage plates first appear at the _________ _______.
secondary bronchi
The respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of
simple squamous epithelium
The nasopharynx is divided from the rest of the pharynx by the
soft plate
Air traveling from the tertiary bronchi must pass through the _______ to reach the pulmonary lobule.
terminal bronchioles
The movement of chloride ions into the RBCs in exchange for bicarbonate ions is known as
the chloride shift
The inflation reflex protects
the lungs from damage due to overexpansion
Choose the correct statement regarding the trachea and bronchi
the right primary bronchus is larger in diameter than the left primary bronchus
All of the below are sensory stimuli that can modify the activities of the respiratory center except
thermorecptors
The right lung has _______; the left lung has __________
three lobes; two lobes
The largest shield-shaped cartilage of the larynx is the ________ cartilage.
thyroid
The ________ extends from the larynx to the mediastinum
trachea
The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchi is the
trachea
Asthma is an acute condition resulting from
unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways
Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the
upper respiratory tract
The portion of the nasal cavity contained within flexible tissues of the external nose is the
vestibule
Which of these age-based changes is FALSE?
vital capacity increases
Which of the following statements about bronchioles is FALSE?
walls are made of cartilage
The vocal folds are located
within the larynx
If the dorsal respiratory group of neurons in the medulla oblongata were destroyed bilaterally,
a person would stop breathing
Each terminal bronchiole supplies a single
a singular pulmonary lobule
Internal respiration is the
absorption of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide by tissue cells
Damage to the type II pneumocytes of the lungs would result in
all of the above - increased surface tension in the alveoli - increased tendency to alveolar collapse - loss of surfactant - decreased rate of gas exchange
Functions of the nasal cavity include which of the following?
all of the above - trap airborne particles - humidifying the air - filtering the air - warming the air
Breathing through the nose rather than the mouth is advantageous because
all of the above - air is warmed on inhalation - water loss is reduced on exhalation - heat loss is reduced on exhalation - air is humidified on inhalation
Carbonic anhydrase
all of the above - an enzyme - converts CO2 into carbonic acid - is in RBCs - increase amount of bicarbonate ion in plasma
In emphysema, which of the following occurs?
all of the above - compliance increases - alveoli collapse - elevated PCO2 in blood
What happens to a carbon dioxide molecule once it enters the blood stream?
all of the above - dissolves in plasma - binds to protein portion of hemoglobin molecules within RBCs - converted to a molecule of carbonic acid
The normal rate and depth of breathing is established by the _________ center
all of the above - dorsal respiratory group (DRG) - pneumotaxic - ventral respiratory group (VRG) - apneustic
The respiratory defense system is important because it
all of the above - helps warms the air - keeps out pathogens - helps filter the air - keeps out debris
Which of the following statements if TRUE regarding activity in the alveoli?
alveolar macrophages collect stray dust particles
_________ equals the respiratory rate x (tidal volume - anatomic dead space)
alveolar ventilation rate
The sites of gas exchange within the lungs are the
alveoli
Alveolar Ventilation refers to the
amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute
Air remaining in the conducting portion of the respiratory system that does not reach the alveoli?
anatomic dead space
A period in which breathing has stopped, followed by a forceful expulsion of air is termed
apnea
Prolonged deep inspirations can result from stimulating the ________ center.
apneustic
At the level of teh alveoli, where does gas exchange occur?
at the respiratory membrane
MOST of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as
bicarbonate ions
A mucosa consists of
both an epithelium and an underlying layer of areolar tissue
The normal respiratory rate of a resting adult ranges from ________ breaths each minute, or roughly one for every four heartbeats/
12-18
The adult human trachea is about _____ in diameter and contains ________ tracheal.
2.5 cm;15-20
MOST of the oxygen transported by the blood is
bound to hemoglobin
The respiratory center is housed in the _________ of the brain
brain stem
The MOST important chemical regulator of respiration is
carbon dioxide
If you looked closely at a pulmonary lobule, you would see all of the following structures except
cartilage plates
If tissue oxygen demand increases and respiratory rate and tidal volume remain the same, what happens?
Alveolar PO2 DECREASES; blood and tissue PCO2 INCREASES
The function of pulmonary ventilation is to
maintain adequate alveolar ventilation
Higher brain centers that alter the activity of the respiratory centers include all of the following, EXCEPT
medulla oblongata
The pneumotaxic center of the pons
modifies the rate and depth of breathing
Pulmonary ventilation refers to the
movement of air into and out of lungs
The beating of the cilia of the respiratory passages in the direction of the pharynx forms the
mucus escalator
The nasal cavity is divided into left and right portions by the
nasal septum
The auditory tubes open into the
nasopharynx
Which of the following statements regarding tobacco smoking and lung damage is true?
neoplasia is not reversible, even if the person stops smoking, but can be treated by surgery
All of the following provide chemorecptor input to the respiratory centers of the medulla oblongata except the
olfactory epithelium
Starting at the _______, the epithelium changes to stratified squamous epithelium.
oropharynx
The _________ extends between the soft palate and the base of the tongue at the level of the hyoid bone
oropharynx
Which of the following organs is not part of the lower respiratory system?
oropharynx
The common pathway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the
pharynx
Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces
phonation
Which of the following is FALSE about the pharynx?
It is shared by the integumentary and respiratory systems
Which of the following is NOT a function of the nasal mucosa?
dehumidify the incoming air
The apneustic centers promote inhalation by stimulating the
dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
A 10 percent increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will
double the rate of breathing
The term "hypercania" refers to
elevated PCO2
The obstructive lung disease in which elastic fibers are lost, leading to collapse of alveoli and bronchioles, is called
emphysema
The C shape of the tracheal cartilages is important because
large masses of food can pass through the esophagus during swallowing
Which upper respiraotry structure includes the portion of the pharynx between the hyoid bone and the entrance of the larynx and esophagus?
laryngopharynx
The glottis is the opening to the
larynx
Which of the following is a cartilaginous structure that surrounds and protects the glottis?
larynx
Which respiratory organ features a cardiac notch?
left lung
During inhalation pressure inside the lungs is
less than pressure outside
Components of the upper respiratory system include all of the following except the
lips
Secondary bronchi supply air to the
lobes of the lungs
The trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli all make up the
lower respiratory tract