Chapter 21 The Progressive Era 1890-1920

Carrie Chapman Catt

(1859-1947) A suffragette who was president of the National Women's Suffrage Association, and founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920.

Roosevelt's Square Deal: 3 Cs

-Conservation -Control of Corporations -Consumer Protections

Effects of the Progressive Era

-Expanded size of government and view of government (24 new federal agencies.) -Changing views on the "liberty" protected by government: not from restraint (Jeffersonian view) but from abuses. Government takes an activist role.

Muller v. Oregon (1908)

-Three years later, however, in Muller v. Oregon (1908), the Court changed its mind. Based on evidence that long working hours increased the chances of health problems, the Court approved an Oregon law restricting the workday to no more than ten hours for women.

Lincoln Steffens

-exposed corruption in St. Louis in "Tweed Days in St. Louis," and exposed police corruption in NY, helping to defeat Boss Tweed -published a compendium of McClure's articles in The Shame of the Cities -led to a progressive movement to replace mayors with professional city managers, as well as to have cities own utilities instead of private corporations

Progressivism under Taft :a life of public service

-was a cautious, conservative progressive who embraced a "strict construction" of the Constitution, -Unlike Roosevelt, who believed that the president, to serve the public interest, could take any action, not explicitly prohibited by the Constitution, Taft insisted that the president's authority should be limited to what the Constitution specified. -focus was to "complete" the programs and policies that Roosevelt had initiated. -

Progressivism under Roosevelt:Roosevelt's Reelection

-won the Republican nomination. -Democrats lost the election by nominating Alton B. Parker. -Having succeeded to the presidency after William McKinley's assassination, he had now won election on his own -

2.Progressives' Aims and Achievements: The Efficiency Movement

A second major theme of progressivism was the "gospel of efficiency." -Louis D. Brandeis, a Kentucky attorney who became Woodrow Wilson's progressive adviser and later a justice of the Supreme Court, believed that "efficiency is the hope of democracy." -The champion of progressive efficiency was Frederick Winslow Taylor, helping factories implement "scientific management." By breaking down work activities into a sequence of mechanical steps and using stopwatches to measure the time it took each worker to perform each step, Taylor established detailed performance standards (and cash rewards) for each job classification, specifying how fast people should work and when they should rest. His celebrated book, The Principles of Scientific Management (1911), influenced business organizations for decades.

4.Factors led to Progressivism:socialism

Another significant "progressive" force was the growing influence of socialist ideas. -The Socialist Party of America, supported mostly by militant farmers and immigrant Germans and Jews, served as the radical wing of progressivism. -Unlike European socialists, most American socialists did not call for the government to take ownership of large corporations. They focused instead on improving working conditions and closing the widening income gap between rich and poor through "progressive" taxation. -Most progressives were capitalist reformers, not socialist radicals. They rejected the extremes of both socialism and laissez-faire individualism, preferring new, regulated capitalism "softened" by humanitarianism.

The Woman Suffrage Movement: rise of women consciousness

As women, especially college-educated women, became more involved in the public world of work and wages, the women's rights movement grew. Immediately after the Civil War, women in the movement had hoped that the Fifteenth Amendment, which guaranteed voting rights for African American men, would aid their own efforts to gain the vote. The majority of men, however, still insisted that women stay out of politics because it would corrupt their moral purity.

Muckrakers

McClure's, Munsey's, and Cosmopolitan, The golden age of muckraking is sometimes dated from 1902, when Samuel S. McClure, the owner of McClure's, recruited idealistic journalists to root out the corruption in politics and corporations. McClure was determined to make his magazine a "power for good"; the "vitality of democracy," he insisted, depended upon educating the public about "complex questions."McClure's and other muckraking magazines investigated corporate monopolies and crooked political machines while revealing the miserable conditions in which poor Americans lived and worked.

Religious Activism: the social gospel (organization)

New organizations made key contributions to the movement. The Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) and a similar group for women, the YWCA, both entered the United States from England in the 1850s and grew rapidly after 1870. The Salvation Army, founded in London in 1878, came to the United States a year later. The YMCA and YWCA combined nondenominational religious evangelism with social services and fitness training in community centers (segregated by race and gender) across the country. Intended to provide low-cost housing and healthful exercise in a "safe Christian environment" for young men and women from rural areas or foreign countries, the YMCA/YWCA centers often included libraries, classrooms, and kitchens. "Hebrew" counterparts—YMHAs and YWHAs—provided many of the same facilities in cities with large Jewish populations. Salvation Army centers offered "soup kitchens" to feed the poor and day nurseries for the children of working mothers.

2. Factors led to Progressivism:Populism

Populism -The Populist party platforms of 1892 and 1896 included reforms intended to give more power to "the people," such as the direct election of U.S. senators by voters rather than by state legislatures. -Although William Jennings Bryan's loss in the 1896 presidential campaign ended the Populist Party as a serious political force, many reforms pushed by the Populists were implemented by progressives.

Woodrow Wilson: A Progressive Southerner

The fight between William Howard Taft and Theodore Roosevelt gave hope to the Democrats, whose presidential nominee, New Jersey governor Woodrow Wilson.

2.Progressives' Aims and Achievements: The Efficiency Movement (Taylorism)

The goal of what came to be called Taylorism was to improve productivity and profits, raise pay for the most efficient workers, and reduce the likelihood of worker strikes. As Taylor wrote, "Men will not do an extraordinary day's work for an ordinary day's pay." Many workers, resented Taylor's innovations, seeing them as just a tool to make people work faster. Political progressives applied Taylorism to the operations of government by calling for the reorganization of state and federal agencies to eliminate duplication, the establishment of clear lines of authority, and the replacement of political appointees with trained specialists.

Progressivism under Roosevelt:Roosevelt's duality

Theodore Roosevelt as an "apostle of prosperity" (top) and as a Roman tyrant (bottom). Roosevelt's energy, self-righteousness, and impulsiveness elicited conflicting reactions.

Progressivism vs. Populism

Unlike populism, whose grassroots appeal was largely confined to poor rural regions in the South and Midwest, progressivism was a national movement, centered in large cities but also popular in rural areas amongwhat came to be called Populist progressives. Progressive activists came in all stripes: men and women; Democrats, Republicans, Populists, and Social- ists; labor unionists and business executives; teachers, engineers, editors, and professors; social workers, doctors, ministers, and journalists; farmers and homemakers; whites and blacks; clergymen, atheists, and agnostics. What- ever their motives and methods, their combined efforts led to significant improvements.

Impacts of muckrakers

Without the muckrakers, progressivism would never have achieved widespread popular support. During the early twentieth century, investigative journalism became such a powerful force for change that one editor said that Americans now had "Government by Magazine."

9. Progressives' Aims and Achievements: the "progressive" income tax

a "progressive" federal income tax—so-called because of the tax rates "progress," or rise, as income levels rise, thus forcing the rich to pay more. In 1894, William Jennings Bryan had persuaded Congress to approve a 2 percent tax on annual incomes of more than $4,000. Soon after the tax became law, however, the Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional on a technicality. In 1907, President Theodore Roosevelt announced his support. Two years later, his successor, William Howard Taft, endorsed a constitutional amendment allowing such a tax, and Congress agreed. Finally, in 1913, the Sixteenth Amendment was ratified by enough states to become law.

1. Factors led to Progressivism:economic depression and discontent

economic depression and discontent -the devastating depression of the 1890s ignited the progressive spirit of reform. -The devastating effects of the depression prompted many upper-middle-class urban people to organize efforts to reform society, both to help those in need and to keep them from becoming revolutionaries.

Ida Tarbell

one of the most dedicated muckrakers, spent years doggedly investigating the illegal means by which John D. Rockefeller had built his gigantic Standard Oil trust. At the end of her series of nineteen McClure's articles on the topic, she asked readers: "And what are we going to do about it?" She stressed that it was "the people of the United States, and nobody else, [who] must cure whatever is wrong in the industrial situation."

3.Factors led to Progressivism:"honest government"

"honest government" -The Mugwumps, who had fought the patronage system and insisted that government jobs be awarded on the basis of merit, supplied progressivism with another key goal: the "honest government" ideal. -Over the years, the good-government movement expanded beyond ending political corruption to addressing persistent urban issues such as crime, access to electricity, clean water, and municipal sewers, mass transit, and garbage collection.

Woodrow Wilson's Progressive Reforms

-Underwood Tariff Act 1913: significantly lowered tariffs -Federal Trade Commission Act 1914: created the FTC to create and enforce rules against unfair business practices -Clayton Anti-Trust Act 1914: Sherman Anti-Trust with teeth -Federal Farm Loan Act, 1916: more credit for farmers -Adamson Act, 1916: 8 hour day with overtime pay for rr workers, averting strike -19th Amendment: Women's Right to Vote -Keating-Owens Act 1916: banned interstate sales of items made by children or for more than 8 hours per day; overturned by the supreme court. The second attempt used tax to regulate child labor; overturned. Only in 1938, the fair labor act standards act was child labor regulated.

The impetus for the Progressive Era: Massive Change

-Urbanization -Women Employed, though still without votes/rights -Immigration. Slums. -Dirty, dangerous factory jobs. -Government/corporate suppression of unions.

George Washington Carver

-moved from one educational opportunity to another, gradually ending up doing graduate work in botany at Iowa State Agricultural School. -taught at Tuskegee; pioneering research into uses for the peanut, soybeans, and sweet potatoes. -taught crop rotation, natural fertilizers, less expensive hog feed

Woodrow Wilson: progressivism renewed

-nominated Bostonian Louis D. Brandeis, to the Supreme Court. -defender of unions against big businesses; -the first Jewish member of the Supreme Court.

Woodrow Wilson: Colonel House

-"Colonel" Edward M. House of Texas, Wilson's closest adviser -he and Wilson developed the most famous political partnership of the twentieth century. -House told Wilson that the theme of his presidency should be a form of Christian democracy -helped steer Wilson's proposals through a Congress in which southerners, by virtue of their seniority, held the lion's share of committee chairmanships. -much of the progressive legislation of the Wilson era would bear the names of southern Democrats.

Woodrow Wilson: anti-trust actions

-"trust-busting" the central focus of his New Freedom program. -made a strong Federal Trade Commission (FTC) the cornerstone of his anti-trust program. -the five-member FTC replaced the Bureau of Corporations and assumed new powers to define "unfair trade practices" and issue "cease and desist" orders -he supported to strengthen and clarify the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. -Henry D. Clayton, a Democrat, drafted The Clayton Anti-Trust Act in 1914 declared that labor unions were not to be viewed as "monopolies in restraint of trade," which prohibited corporate directors from serving on the boards of competing companies and further clarified the meaning of various "monopolistic" activities.

Municipal Government Reform

-1894: National Municipal League created to encourage reforms ("Goo Goos") -1901: The "Galveston Plan:" a city board of commission control police, sanitation, etc. Considered efficient because it combined executive and legislative powers. -City Manager System: professional runs city governor for elected Mayor. -At Large Voting: kept machine politics from infiltrating council, but reduced minority representation -Robert Lafollette of Wisconsin: use resources of the University of Wisconsin to inform best practice, create a better life for all -Long term effect of Taylorism: to reduce cost rather than improve services

Progressivism under Roosevelt: When did federal reform efforts begin

Federal reform efforts began in earnest only when Theodore Roosevelt became president in 1901.

Progressivism under Roosevelt: the brownsville riot

-1906, violent racial incident in Brownsville, Texas, where a dozen members of an African American army regiment from a nearby fort got into a shootout with whites who had been harassing them outside a saloon. -One white bartender was killed, and a police officer was seriously wounded. Both sides claimed the other started the shooting. An investigation concluded that the soldiers were at fault, but no one could identify any of the shooters and none of the soldiers was willing to talk. -Roosevelt responded by dishonorably discharging the entire regiment of 167 soldiers, several of whom had been awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor for their service in Cuba during the War of 1898. -Secretary of War William H. Taft urged the president to reconsider his decision, but Roosevelt refused to show any mercy to "murderers, assassins, cowards, and comrades of murderers." (Sixty years later, the U.S. Army "cleared the records" of all the black soldiers.)

Woodrow Wilson: progressivism for whites only

-African Americans continued to resent the racial conservatism displayed by most progressives. -Woodrow Wilson showed little concern about the discrimination and violence that African Americans faced. -he had expressed his disgust at the Fifteenth Amendment, which had guaranteed voting rights for black men after the Civil War, arguing that whites must resist domination by "an ignorant and inferior race." -hired Josephus Daniels as secretary of the navy, who was a white supremacist. -Wilson claimed that racial segregation "is not humiliating but a benefit."

One approach to oppression: Booker T. Washington

-African Americans should focus on bettering their economic status through learning a trade, agriculture, industry, thrift, and patience. -do not attempt political reform; "cast down your buckets where you are." -National Negro Business League -Atlanta Compromise: segregation, disenfranchisement tolerable as long as whites support black economic goals.

Margaret Sanger: Birth Control and Planned Parenthood

-As a visiting nurse, saw dire conditions, women weakened by childbirth, failed or dangerous abortions -Began distributing instructions. Published The Woman Rebel. Had to flee to London to avoid prosecution under the Comstock Laws -Returned, opened a birth control clinic in Brooklyn. Was arrested, but methods "for medical reasons" were upheld by the court. -Fight to legalize birth control legal in 1936. -Got sponsor to develop a birth control pill; approved by the FDA in 1960.

Two Approaches to Women's Suffrage: Alice Paul and Carrie Chapman Catt

-Carrie Chapman Catt: President of the National American Women's Suffrage Association (NAWSA), founded League of Women Voters -Organized volunteers, made speeches, created an effective suffrage "machine" -Alice Paul advocated more forceful protest, picketing the White House in a "silent sentinels." Jailed, force-fed, put in psychiatric unit. -19th Amendment passed in 1920.

Reforms of Big Business

-Depression following Panic of 1893 led to increasing consolidation of large businesses -1890: Sherman Anti Trust Act designed to be inefficient -Interstate Commerce Commission created to regulate RR, but often appointed execs to their boards -TR endorsed change: 1902 broke up Northern Securities Company (JP Morgan's transportation network). Upheld by Supreme Court. 25 more anti-trust suits waged. -Elkins Act: 1903. No secret RR rebates to large companies. -1906: Hepburn Act: gave teeth to the ICC. RR oversight, no more free passes, ICC could set maximum rates, modern bookkeeping reqired. -1914: Clayton Anti Trust Act : sought to prevent mergers, avoid pricing differentials to drive competitors out of business, insisting on carrying only 1 product. Enabled private lawsuits against trusts.

Jane Addams and Settlement Houses (Hull House)

-Established Hull House in Chicago, hosting kindergarten classes, after school classes, night classes, art gallery, book binding, a gymnasium, a swimming pool, etc. -later asked to be garbage inspector of 19th ward, on board of Chicago schools -led investigations about narcotics use, midwifery, milk supplies, etc. -pro-suffrage and anti-war -won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 -Settlement Houses often helped co-dependent with political bosses; made them look good, and in turn got their support with immigrants who at times considered them nosy.

Woodrow Wilson: the federal reserve act

-Ever since Andrew Jackson had killed the Second Bank of the United States in the 1830s, the nation had been without a central bank. Instead, the money supply was chaotically "managed" by thousands of local and state banks. -such a system was unstable and inefficient -The primary reason for a new central bank was to prevent more such panics, -Wilson believed that the banking system needed a central reserve agency that, in a crisis, could distribute emergency cash to banks threatened by runs. -Congress passed the Federal Reserve Act -created a national banking system -with twelve regional districts, -each had its own Federal Reserve Bank -The overarching purpose of the Federal Reserve System was to adjust the nation's currency supply to promote economic growth and ensure the stability and integrity of member banks.

Lochner v. New York (1905)

-In Lochner v. New York (1905), the Court ruled that a state law limiting bakers to a sixty-hour workweek was unconstitutional because it violated workers' right to accept any jobs they wanted, no matter how bad the working conditions or how low the pay.

The Tinder: How the Other Half Lives, Other Muckraking Journalism

-Jacob Riis, 1888, Danish immigrant and police reporter, made slum conditions real to thousands, humanized the poor. -One of the first muckrakers (Ida B. Wells was actively writing about Jim Crow and lynchings at this time.) -Lincoln Steffens: exposed city corruption in St. Louis

Woodrow Wilson: labor legislation

-Keating-Owen Act in 1916, banned products made by child workers under fourteen from being shipped across state lines, -The Adam-son Act of 1916 resulted from a threatened strike by railroad unions demanding an eight-hour day and other concessions. -It required time-and-a-half pay for overtime work beyond eight hours and appointed a commission to study working conditions in the rail-road industry.

W.H. Taft: Slower Pace of Reform

-Mann-Elkins Act, 1910: Empowered ICC to lower railroad rates -lowered tariffs passed 16th Amendment (income tax) and 17th Amendment (election rather than appointment of senators) -prosecuted more trusts than "The Great Trust Buster" Teddy Roosevelt -later, influenced by business cronies who enjoyed golf and elite lifestyle, passed weak anti-tariff bill, the Payne-Aldrich tariff, 1909 -appointed Minister of Interior who opened up Alaska lands for coal-mining

Progressivism under Roosevelt: the 1902 coal strike

-May 12, 1902, 150,000 members of the United Mine Workers (UMW) labor union walked off the job at coal mines in Pennsylvania and West Virginia. -The miners were seeking a wage increase, a shorter workday, and official recognition of the union by the mine owners, who refused to negotiate. -By October, the lengthy shutdown had caused the price of coal to soar, and hospitals and schools reported empty coal bins as winter approached. -The president invited leaders of both sides to a conference in Washington, D.C., -The mine owners in attendance, however, refused even to speak to the UMW leaders. -he threatened to declare a national emergency so that he could take control of the mines and use soldiers to run them. -The threat worked: the strike ended on October 23. -The miners won a nine-hour workday and a 10 percent wage increase. Roosevelt was the first president to use his authority to referee a dispute between management and labor.

7. Progressives' Aims and Achievements:the campaign against drinking

-Middle-class women reformers, motivated by strong religious convictions. -Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU). Founded in 1874 in Cleveland, Ohio, -While some of them were motivated by Protestant beliefs that consuming any alcohol was a sin, most saw excessive drinking, especially in saloons, as a threat to social progress and family stability. -hoped to reformers hoped to (1) improve family life by preventing domestic violence by husbands and fathers, (2) reduce crime in the streets, and (3) remove one of the worst tools of corruption-free beer on Election Day—in an effort to "buy" votes among the working class. - under Frances Willard, president of the WCTU between 1879 and 1898, began promoting legislation to ban alcohol ("prohibition"). -1893 the Anti-Saloon League, liked WCTU, initially focused on closing down saloons rather than abolishing alcohol. Eventually, however, it decided to force the prohibition issue into the forefront of state and local elections. -At its "Jubilee Convention" in 1913, the League endorsed an amendment to the Constitution prohibiting the manufacture, sale, and consumption of alcoholic beverages, which Congress approved in 1917.

Conservation vs. Preservation

-Preservation movement inspired in part because of railroads making it easier to access remote areas; more people were travelling west. -John Muir, famous preservationist, founded the Sierra Club. -also inspired by conquest of western lands; many Native Americans confined to reservations -water conservation issues made government intervention necessary, hence conservation movement. Ranchers wanted forests preserved because they protected headwaters, kept rivers flowing. They wanted dams as well to provide water.

Progressivism under Taft:the Taft-Roosevelt Feud世仇

-Roosevelt had left the White House assuming that Taft would continue to pursue a progressive agenda. -But by filling the cabinet with corporate lawyers and firing Gifford Pinchot, Taft had, in Roosevelt's view, failed to "carry out my work unbroken." -其实Taft没有做的不够好：Taft's administration actually preserved more federal land in four years than Roosevelt's had in nearly eight, and it filed twice as many antitrust suits, including the one that led to the breakup of the Standard Oil Company in 1911. Taft also supported giving women the right to vote and workers the right to join unions. He also tried Tariff reform which Roosevelt did not dare to do so. -on February 24, 1912, Roosevelt dismissed the "second-rate" Taft as a "hopeless fathead" who had "sold the Square Deal down the river." Taft responded by calling Roosevelt a "dangerous egotist" and a "demagogue." -At the Republican National Convention, Taft was easily nominated for reelection. Roosevelt was furious

Progressivism under Roosevelt: progressive regulation

-Roosevelt launched his second term with an even stronger commitment to regulating corporations and their corrupt owners -In 1906, he persuaded Congress to pass the Hepburn Act, which for the first time gave the federal Interstate Commerce Commission the power to set maximum freight rates for the railroad industry. -Under Roosevelt's Square Deal programs, the federal government also assumed oversight of key industries affecting public health: meat packers, food processors, and makers of drugs and patent medicines. -Upton Sinclair's novel The Jungle (1906) revealed all sorts of unsanitary and dangerous activities in the preparation of food and drug products by many companies. -After reading The Jungle, Roosevelt urged Congress to pass the Meat Inspection Act of 1906. -The Pure Food and Drug Act (1906), enacted the same day, required the makers of prepared food and medicines to host government inspectors, too.

Progressivism under Taft and Retrenchment

-Roosevelt urged Republicans to nominate Secretary of War William Howard Taft -The Democrats again chose William Jennings Bryan -Taft promised to continue Roosevelt's policies -Bryan was defeated for a third time

Progressivism under Taft: the Progressive Party

-Roosevelt urged the breakaway faction of Republicans to create the Progressive Party. nickname the "Bull Moose party." -The Progressive Party platform, revealed Roosevelt's growing liberalism. -supported a minimum "living wage" for hourly workers, -women's suffrage, -campaign finance reform, and a system of "social security" -end the "boss system" governing politics

Reforms for Farmers

-Smith Lever Act: 1914. Provided agricultural education through extension programs at land grant universities. eg. Ohio State University -Federal Farm Loans: 1916. low interest, long term. -Warehouse Act: 1916. Like the subtreasury plan: government loaned farmers cash for their crops, holding the crops in a warehouse as collateral. -Federal Aid Road Act of 1916 provided money for paved roads, after the Supreme Court upheld federal money for interstate highways, and Post Roads Act provided money for roads used by the postal service. Expanded by Federal Highway Acts of 1921, 1956. -Smith-Hughes Act: 1917. Provided federal money to teach agricultural methods, home economics, and other vocational education in public schools.

TR

-T. Roosevelt: expanded powers of presidency in the name of taming corporate power -In NYC, fought against Tweed's machine, patronage -1902, resolved anthracite strike, promising a "square deal" for miners and owners -dissolved a railroad holding company, established a Bureau of Corporations, later replaced by FTC -with Hepburn Act, gave federal gov't power to regulate railroad rates (precedent for big government) -preserved 150 million acres of public land

Progressivism under Taft:the ballinger-pinchot controversy

-Taft's new secretary of the interior, Richard A. Ballinger, opened to commercial development millions of acres of federal lands that Roosevelt had ordered protected. -Gifford Pinchot complained about the "giveaway," but Taft refused to intervene. -Taft fired Pinchot. -Taft set in motion a feud with Roosevelt that would eventually end their friendship—and cost him his reelection.

Woodrow Wilson: farm legislation

-Wilson also urged Congress to pass the first federal legislation directed at assisting farmers. -The Federal Farm Loan Act became law in 1916. Under it, (1)twelve Federal Land banks offered loans to farmers for five to forty years at low-interest rates. (2)Farmers could borrow up to 50 percent of the value of their land. -federal loans to farmers on the security of their crops stored in warehouses came true after the Warehouse Act of 1916. -Smith-Lever Act of 1914, provided federal programs to educate farmers about new machinery and new ideas related to agricultural efficiency, -the Smith-Hughes Act (1917), which funded agricultural and mechanical education in high schools. -Federal Highways Act of 1916, which helped finance new highways, especially in rural areas.

Woodrow Wilson: the tariff and the income tax

-Wilson pursued tariff reform, but with much greater success. -he summoned Congress to a special session that lasted eighteen months, the longest in history, and he addressed its members in person -The new tariff bill passed the House easily. -The Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act (1913) lowered tariff rates on almost 1,000 imported products. -To compensate for the reduced tariff revenue, the bill created the first income tax allowed under the newly ratified Sixteenth Amendment

Woodrow Wilson: the vote for women

-activists for women's suffrage were also disappointed in President Wilson. -he insisted that the issue of women's voting rights should be left to the states rather than embodied in a constitutional amendment. -Alice Paul, urged activists to use more aggressive tactics: picket state legislatures, target and "punish" politicians who failed to endorse suffrage, chain themselves to public buildings, incite police to arrest them, and undertake hunger strikes. -Paul organized 5,000 suffragists to protest at Wilson's inauguration. -after forming National Woman's Party, Paul decided to picket the White House. -Some sixty suffragists were jailed. -Under negative press coverage and public criticism, Wilson finally pardoned Paul and the other activists.

The Woman Suffrage Movement: American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA)

-activists who insisted that pursuing multiple issues hurt their causes formed the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA), which focused single-mindedly on voting rights.

6.Progressives' Aims and Achievements: Social Justice

-advocacy organizations such as the National Consumers' League, which educated consumers about harsh working conditions in factories and mills and the widespread use of child workers. -General Federation of Women's Clubs, insisted that civic life needed the humanizing effect of female leadership. -Women's clubs sought to clean up filthy slums by educating residents about personal and household hygiene, urging construction of sewer systems, and launching public-awareness campaigns. -Women's clubs also campaigned for child-care centers; kindergartens; government inspection of food processing plants; stricter housing codes; laws protecting women in the workplace; and more social services for the poor, sick, disabled, and abused. Still others addressed prostitution and alcohol abuse.

Woodrow Wilson: to serve humanity

-an expert in constitutional government and taught at several colleges before being named president of Princeton in 1902. -proved a surprisingly effec-tive campaigner and won a landslide victory.

Florence Kelley: Advocate for Working Women, Children

-became communist -Later separated, moved to Chicago and worked at Hull House -Got law degree and got legislation passed in IL against employing kids younger than 14. -Became state factory inspector -Worked with National Consumers League on "White Label" campaign, with label certifying the clothing to be made by people getting a minimum wage in decent working conditions. Supported boycott of goods without this label. -Advocated for Pure Food and Drug Act, helped found NAACP. -Helped fight Muller vs. Oregon, reducing women's daily hours from 12 to 10. -Helped to pass Owens-Keating Law banning purchase of interstate goods made from child labor; later overturned.

Carry Nation: Temperance Activist

-brought hatchet to saloons, which she considered illegal. -long history of Temperance movements. "Teetotalers" were often Protestant, tended to single out Catholics. -booze seen as the root of social problems such as domestic violence and child abandonment. -employers wanted prohibition to keep a more responsible, timely workforce

Progressivism under Roosevelt: environmental conservation

-championed efforts to protect wilderness areas and manage and preserve the nation's natural resources. -created fifty federal wildlife refuges, approved five new national parks and fifty-one federal bird sanctuaries, and designated eighteen national monuments, including the Great Canyon. -appointed his friend Gifford Pinchot, the nation's first professionally trained forest manager, as head of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Division of Forestry. -used Forest Reserve Act (1891) to protect 172 million acres of federally owned forests from being logged. -Lumber companies were furious -Overall, Roosevelt set aside more than 234 million acres of federal land for conservation purposes

The Woman Suffrage Movement: National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA)

-founded by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady -to promote a woman suffrage amendment to the Constitution, -they also campaigned for new laws requiring higher pay for women workers and making it easier for abused wives to get divorces. -Other suffrage activists insisted that pursuing multiple issues hurt their cause.

political reform

-income tax: 1861-1872: first flat tax on incomes over $800, then progressive tax -1894 2% tax on houses over $4000 struck down by Supreme Court -1909: income tax attached as rider to a tariff bill; conservatives proposed an amendment which was ratified by enough states by 2013 Labor: Taylorism led to emphasis on efficiency 1884 Congress set up a Bureau of Labor to investigate strikes. Erdman Act of 1898 set up processes for mediation. TR sat coal miners and executives down to force a conclusion of the Great Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902: change government involvement in strikes from breaker to mediator -17th amendment, 1912: Direct election of senators

African Americans in the Progressive Era

-most Progressives shared the racist attitudes of their times. -one example: Woodrow Wilson upheld segregation of workers in Federal buildings at the demand of Southern Democrats and he showed the movie "the Birth of Nation" in the white house. -Plessy vs. Ferguson upheld the "separate but equal" laws of Jim Crow, 1896, that emerged unchecked after Hayes removed federal troops from the South. -The position of African Americans was in free fall after Reconstruction, partly due to formal organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan; lynchings were increasingly common.

Woodrow Wilson: the 1912 election

-one of the most exciting in history. -It involved four distinguished candidates: Democrat Woodrow Wilson, Republican William Howard Taft, Socialist Eugene V. Debs, and Progressive Theodore Roosevelt. -For all of their differences in personality and temperament, shared a basic progressive assumption that modern social problems could be resolved only through active governmental intervention. -Roosevelt got shot but finished his speech -Taft quickly lost ground. -Roosevelt's New Nationalism and Wilson's New Freedom. -The New Freedom, designed by Louis Brandeis, aimed to restore economic competition by eliminating all trusts rather than simply regulating them. -影响The election of 1912 profoundly altered the character of the Republican party. The defection of the Bull Moose Progressives had weakened its progressive wing. As a result, when Republicans returned to power in the 1920s, they would be more conservative in tone and temperament.

The Flame: Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

-people witnessed carnage resulting from women locked into their sweatshops -labor movements had failed -a lawsuit against owners of the factory failed; they had broken no laws -owners opened a new factory with same conditions -impetus to create legislative reforms

Woodrow Wilson: A Burst of Reform Bills

-promised to lower "the stiff and stupid" Republican tariff, -create a new national banking system, -strengthen anti-trust laws, -and establish an administration "more concerned about human rights than about property rights." -an activist president; he was the first to speak to the nation over the radio and to host weekly press conferences. -Wilson's victory, coupled with Democratic majorities in the House and Senate, gave his party effective national power for the first time since the Civil War.

Ida B. Wells: anti-lynching activist

-publicized lynchings; lobbied McKinley's White House for reform -founded National Association for Colored Women, -helped found National Association for the Advancement of Colored People -fought for women's rights

Upton Sinclair: food safety

-published expose about meatpacking, The Jungle, in 1906. (Fiction, not journalism) -big corporations such as Armour had a monopoly on meatpacking, so there was no competition on prices to ranchers, fee rowers, those buying meat. -workers worked 6 days, 10 hours, of backbreaking labor for just pennies per hour -resulted in Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Acts of 1906, later leading to the Food and Drug Administration

Ida Tarbell: Exposing Standard Oil Trust

-published exposes about Standard Oil's abuse of monopolies and trusts from 1902-1904 in McClures. -Published The History of the Standard OIl Company. -pioneered a new style of journalism -instrumental in Standard Oil being broken up as a result of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act in 1911

Progressivism under Roosevelt: Roosevelt and Race his failure

-refused to confront the movement's major blind spot: racism. -Most white progressives shared the prevailing racist attitudes of the time. They ignored or even endorsed the passage of Jim Crow laws in the South that prevented blacks from voting and subjected them to rigid racial separation. -By 1901, nearly every southern state had prevented almost all African Americans from voting or holding political office by disqualifying or terrorizing them. -Hundreds of African Americans were being lynched each year across the South -few progressives raised objections to the many informal and private patterns of segregation and prejudice in the North and West. -Yet the president made a few exceptions. On October 16, 1901, Roosevelt invited Booker T. Washington, the nation's most prominent black leader, to the White House to discuss presidential appointments in the South.

A Third Approach: Marcus Garvey

-return to Africa; founded Black Nationalism movement -United Negro Improvement Organization -Emphasized pride in race

Woodrow Wilson: Eugene debs

-socialist, who ran as the president candidate -believed in political transformation, not violent revolution. -became the unifying symbol of a diverse movement that united West Virginia coal miners, Oklahoma sharecroppers, Pacific Northwest lumberjacks, and immigrant workers in New York City sweatshops.

Progressivism under Taft:taft and the tariff

-supported lower tariffs on imports; -Taft also discontinued Roosevelt's practice of using interviews with journalists to influence congressmen by using his "big stick through the press." -Taft's failure of leadership enabled Congress to pass the flawed Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909), which did little to change federal policies. -Taft's failure to gain real reform and his lack of a "crusading spirit" angered progressive, pro-Roosevelt Republicans, whom Taft called "assistant Democrats."

Prohibition: the 18th Amendment (1919) and the Volstead Act

-the 18th Amendment banned the manufacture, transportation, sale of intoxicating beverages -The Volstead Act (1919) was passed to carry out the 18th Amendment -passed partly because of long-standing support of temperance movements, partly as a response to wartime conservation of grains and need to mobilize a sober workforce

Another Approach: W.E.B. DuBois

-the Niagara Movement, forerunner of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People -founded the NAACP, edited The Crisis -advocated protest as well as uplift; without political and social rights, there's no economic prosperity -advocated educating the "talented tenth" -opposed the idea of white superiority -supported women's rights

Religious Activism: the social gospel (settlement house)

1.Hull House settlement on Halsted Street in a working-class Chicago neighborhood, two women from privileged backgrounds, Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr, addressed the everyday needs of the working poor, especially newly arrived European immigrants. 2.Hull House also sponsored health clinics, lectures, music lessons and art studios, men's clubs, an employment bureau, job training, a gymnasium, a coffeehouse, and a savings bank. By the early twentieth century, there were hundreds of settlement houses in cities across the United States, most of them in the Northeast and Midwest.

15th to 18th amendment

15th-granted African American men the right to vote by declaring that the "right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." 16th (February 3, 1913) - Gave the federal government the power to collect income tax. 17th (April 8, 1913) - Established that senators would be directly elected. 18th: The Eighteenth Amendment declared the production, transport, and sale of intoxicating liquors illegal, 19th (August 18, 1920) - The 19th amendment gave women the right to vote. It's also called women's suffrage.

5.Progressives' Aims and Achievements: regulation of business

Concerns over the concentration of economic power in trusts and other forms of monopolies had led Congress to pass the Sherman Anti-Trust Act in 1890, but it proved ineffective. In addition, government agencies responsible for regulating businesses often came under the influence of those they were supposed to regulate. Retired railroad executives, for instance, were appointed to the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), which had been created to regulate railroads. The issue of regulating the regulators has never been fully resolved.

The Woman Suffrage Movement:Wyoming Territory

In 1869 the Wyoming Territory became the first place in the United States to extend equal voting rights to women.

The Woman Suffrage Movement: Reason that advocates supported the woman suffrage

Many advocates for women's suffrage argued that the right to vote and hold office was a matter of simple justice: women were just as capable as men of exercising the rights and responsibilities of citizenship. Others insisted that women were morally superior to men and therefore would improve the quality of the political process.

3.Progressives' Aims and Achievements: municipal reform 市政改革

One, the commission system, 佣金制度 was first adopted in 1901 by the city of Galveston, Texas after the local government collapsed following a devastating hurricane and tidal wave that killed more than 8,000—the greatest natural disaster in American history. The commission system placed ultimate authority in a board composed of commissioners who combined both legislative and executive powers in heading up city departments (sanitation, police, utilities, and so on). the city-manager plan, under which an appointed professional administrator ran a city or county government in accordance with policies set by the elected council and mayor. The Downside of making local governments more "business-like" and professional. Shifting control from elected officials representing individual neighborhoods to at-large commissioners and nonpartisan specialists separated local government from party politics, which for many working-class voters had been the main way they could have a voice in how they were governed locally. In addition, running a city like business-led commissioners and managers to focus on reducing expenses rather than expanding services, even when such expansion was clearly needed.

Woodrow Wilson: Wilson Declares Victory

President Wilson announced that he had accomplished the major goals of progressivism. He had fulfilled his promises to lower the tariff, create a national banking system, and strengthen the anti-trust laws. The New Freedom was now complete. 但 social justice并没有实现

inconsistencies and hypocrisies in progressivism

Progressives often armed themselves with Christian moralism, but their "do-good" perspective was often limited by the racial and ethnic prejudices of the day, as well as by social and intellectual snobbery. The goals of upper-class white progressives rarely included racial equality. Many otherwise "progressive" people, including Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson, believed in the supremacy of the "Anglo-Saxon race" and their own superiority to the working poor.

What did the progressivists want?

Progressives were liberals, not revolutionaries. They wanted to reform and regulate capitalist society, not destroy it. Most were Christian moralists who felt that politics had become a contest between good and evil, honesty and corruption. What they all shared was the assumption that governments—local, state, and national—must take a more active role in addressing the problems created by rapid urban and industrial growth.

5.Factors led to Progressivism: muckraking journalism

Progressivism depended upon newspapers and magazines to inform the public about political corruption and social problems. The so-called muckrakers were America's first investigative journalists. Their aggressive reporting played a crucial role in educating the upper and middle classes about political and corporate wrongdoing and revealing "how the other half lives"—the title of Danish immigrant Jacob Riis's pioneering 1890 work of photojournalism about life in the sordid slums of New York City, where some 1.2 million people, mostly immigrants, lived in poverty amid killing diseases.

Woodrow Wilson:

Progressivism reached its peak during Woodrow Wilson's two terms as president. Progressivism awoke people to the evils and possibilities of modern urban-industrial life. progressives established the principle that governments—local, state, and federal—had a responsibility to ensure that Americans were protected from abuse by powerful businesses and corrupt politicians. Yet, progressivism fell short of its supporters' hopes and ideals. It would take the Great Depression during the 1930s to lead to the passage of a national minimum wage and the creation of a government- administered pension program for retirees and disabled workers (Social Security). progressivism produced unexpected consequences. (1)voter participation actually fell off during the Progressive Era. 因为对party loyalty 的减弱，被其他东西吸引了 (2)Also, people showed less interest in political parties and public issues in part because of the progressive emphasis on government by appointed specialists and experts rather than elected politicians. Progressivism faded as an organized political movement because international issues pushed aside domestic concerns.

1.Progressives' Aims and Achievements: Political Reforms

Progressivism set in motion the two most important political developments of the twentieth century: 1.the rise of direct democracy and 2.the expansion of federal power. aim: 1.progressives pushed to make the political process more open and transparent. One process was the direct primary, which would allow all members of a political party to vote on the party's nominees, rather than the traditional practice in which an inner circle of party leaders chose the candidates. In 1896, South Carolina became the first state to adopt a statewide primary, and within twenty years nearly every state had done so. 2. to increase public participation in the political process ("direct democracy") so as to curb the power of corporate giants over state legislatures. In 1898, South Dakota became the first state to adopt the initiative and referendum, procedures that allowed voters to create laws directly rather than having to wait for legislative action. Citizens could sign petitions to have a proposal put on the ballot (the initiative) and then vote it up or down (the referendum). Still another progressive innovation was the recall, whereby corrupt or incompetent elected officials could be removed by a public petition and vote. By 1920, nearly twenty states had adopted the initiative and referendum, and nearly a dozen had sanctioned the recall procedure. 3.Progressives also fought to change the way that U.S. senators were elected. Under the Constitution, state legislatures elected senators, a process frequently corrupted by lobbyists and vote-buying. In 1900, for example, Senate investigators revealed that a Montana senator had given more than $100,000 in secret bribes to members of the legislature that chose him. In 1913, thanks to the efforts of progressives, the Seventeenth Amendment, providing for the direct election of senators, was ratified by enough states to become law.

Progressivism under Roosevelt: taming big business驯服大生意

Roosevelt applauded the growth of American industrial capitalism but declared war on corruption and on cronyism—the awarding of political appointments, government contracts, and other favors to politicians' personal friends. He endorsed a Square Deal for "every man, great or small, rich or poor." His Square Deal program featured what was called the "Three Cs": -greater government control of corporations, -enhanced conservation of natural resources, -and new regulations to protect consumers against contaminated food and medications.

Progressivism under Roosevelt: curbing the trusts

Roosevelt believed governments must ensure fairness. -Early in 1902, just five months into his presidency, Roosevelt shocked the business community when he ordered the U.S. attorney general to break up the Northern Securities Company, a vast network of railroads and steamships in the Pacific Northwest organized by J. Pierpont Morgan. -In 1904, the Supreme Court would rule that the Northern Securities Company was indeed a monopoly and must be dismantled, thereby opening the way for more aggressive enforcement of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. -Roosevelt approved about twenty-five anti-trust suits against oversized corporations. He also sought stronger regulation of the railroads. -In 1903, Congress passed the Elkins Act, making it illegal for railroads to give secret rebates (cash refunds) on freight charges to high-volume business customers. -In 1903, Congress approved Roosevelt's request that a federal Department of Commerce and Labor be formed, within which a Bureau of Corporations would monitor the activities of big businesses.

Roosevelt's Policy: Preservation and Conservation

Roosevelt's Approach: preservation and conservation -Scientifically based Department of Agriculture had Division of Forestry (taken from Interior Department) -Forest Reserve Act of 1891 useful for preserving 172 acres of trees from lumber companies -50 wildlife refuges, 5 national parks, 51 bird sanctuaries 1906 American Antiquities Act: 18 national monuments

Jane Adams (1860-1935)

She founded Hull House, America's first settlement house, to help immigrants assimilate through education, counseling, and municipal reform efforts. She also advocated pacifism throughout her life, including during World War I, and won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931. She pushed for better street lighting and police protection in poor neighborhoods and sought to reduce the misuse of narcotics. An ardent pacifist and outspoken advocate for suffrage (voting rights) for women, Addams would become the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize.

Religious Activism: social gospel vs social justice progressives

Social justice progressives believed that society had an ethical obligation to help its poorest and most vulnerable members. Others were inspired by the social gospel, a newer, specifically Protestant belief that Christians should help the poor to bring about the "Kingdom of God" on earth.

8. Progressives' Aims and Achievements: labor legislation

The National Child Labor Committee campaigned for laws prohibiting the employment of children. Progressives who focused on children's issues also demanded that cities build more parks and playgrounds. Further, reformers made a concerted effort to regulate the length of the workday for women, in part because some of them were pregnant and others had children at home with inadequate supervision. Spearheaded by Florence Kelley, the first president of the National Consumers' League, progressives convinced many state governments to ban the hiring of children below a certain age, and to limit the hours that both women and children could work. It took a tragic disaster, however, to spur meaningful government regulation of dangerous workplaces. On March 25, 1911, a fire broke out at the Triangle Shirtwaist factory in New York City. Escape routes were limited because the owner kept the stairway door locked to prevent theft, and 146 workers trapped on the upper floors of the ten-story building died or leaped to their deaths. The victims were mostly young, foreign-born women in their teens, almost all of them Jewish, Italian, or Russian immigrants. In the fire's aftermath, dozens of new city and state regulations dealing with fire hazards, dangerous working conditions, and child labor were enacted across the nation. -In Lochner v. New York (1905), the Court ruled that a state law limiting bakers to a sixty-hour workweek was unconstitutional because it violated workers' right to accept any jobs they wanted, no matter how bad the working conditions or how low the pay. -Three years later, however, in Muller v. Oregon (1908), the Court changed its mind. Based on evidence that long working hours increased the chances of health problems, the Court approved an Oregon law restricting the workday to no more than ten hours for women.

4.Progressives' Aims and Achievements: the wisconsin idea

The idea of efficient government run by nonpartisan experts was pursued most notably by Republican governor Robert M. La Follette of Wisconsin. He established a Legislative Reference Bureau, which provided elected officials with nonpartisan research, advice, and help in drafting legislation. The "Wisconsin idea" was widely publicized and copied by other progressive governors.

Religious Activism: the social gospel (major force)

The major forces behind the social gospel movement were Protestants and Catholics who feared that Christianity had become too closely associated with the upper and middle classes and was losing its appeal to the working poor.

Religious Activism: the social gospel (key leader Walter Rauschenbusch)

Walter Rauschenbusch: a German American Baptist minister serving immigrant tenement dwellers in the Hell's Kitchen neighborhood of New York City, became the greatest champion of the social gospel. -published a pathbreaking book, Christianity and the Social Crisis, in which he argued emphatically that "whoever uncouples the religious and social life has not understood Jesus." The Christian emphasis on personal salvation, he added, must be linked with an equally passionate commitment to social justice. Churches must embrace "the social aims of Jesus," he stressed, for Christianity was intended to be a "revolutionary" faith. In Rauschenbusch's view, religious life needed the social gospel to revitalize it and make it socially relevant, Like the muckrakers, Rauschenbusch sought to expose the realities of poverty in America and convince statesmen to deal with the crisis. His message resonated with Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, and many other progressives in both political parties. Years later, Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. spoke for three generations of radicals and reformers when he said that Christianity and the Social Crisis "left an indelible imprint on my thinking."

Religious Activism: the social gospel (key leader Washington Gladden)

Washington Gladden: a prominent pastor in Springfield, Massachusetts, invited striking shoe-factory workers to his church, but they refused because the factory owners and managers were members of the congregation. Gladden, heartbroken that Christianity was dividing along class lines, responded by writing Working People and Their Employers (1876), which argued that true Christianity was based on the principle that "thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself." Gladden rejected the view of social Darwinists that the poor deserved their fate and should not be helped. -the first prominent religious leader to support the rights of workers to form unions. He also spoke out against racial segregation and efforts to discriminate against immigrants.