chapter 22 Immunity and lymphatics Wiley plus

Which class of cells includes macrophages, B cells and dendritic cells? Antigen presenting cells Primary lymphocytes Plasma cells Memory cells Helper cells

Antigen presenting cells

Which of these provides a non-specific second line of defense? Macrophages T lymphocytes B lymphocytes Memory B cells Stratified squamous epithelium

Macrophages

Lack of resistance is also known as: Pathogenic Innate Specific Susceptibility Lymphatic

Susceptibility

What is immunity? The ability to make DNA which is uniquely different from anyone else on the planet. The ability to ward off damage or disease through our defenses. The ability to discriminate between things that are good for us versus things that are not. The ability to distinguish our cells from those of other individuals.

The ability to ward off damage or disease through our defenses.

The general functions of the lymphatic system are To collect excess tissue fluid and make it pathogen free before returning it to the bloodstream. It also transports lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins absorbed from the digestive system. To provide generic defenses against any type of invaders which happen to breach our barriers, remove any debris left after the invasion has been stopped, and then fill in the damaged area with scar tissue To collect excess tissue fluid and protein then transport them to the kidneys so they can be removed from the body as urine. To cause the breakdown of cholesterol and transports it to the liver for excretion in the digestive system. It also produces bilirubin from the breakdown of worn out red blood cells, which it excretes into the hepatic portal system.

To collect excess tissue fluid and make it pathogen free before returning it to the bloodstream. It also transports lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins absorbed from the digestive system.

T/F Adaptive Immunity is called into action against pathogens that are able to evade or overcome the defenses of Innate Immunity.

True

T/F Major histocompatibility antigens allow the immune system to distinguish between self and nonself and are involved in antigen processing.

True

T/F Natural killer cells destroy pathogens via cytolysis.

True

T/F Overlapping endothelial cells and anchored filaments in lymphatic vessels allow drainage of interstitial fluid inward, based on pressure differences.

True

T/F Pathogens or even cellular components that trigger an immune response are known as antigens.

True

T/F The thymus is the site where pre-T cells become immunocompetent T cells.

True

T/F While the processes of innate and adaptive immunity may interact or overlap, only adaptive immunity has the properties of specificity and memory.

True

Which anti-microbial substances promote cytolysis, phagocytosis and inflammation? Transferrins Perforins Complement proteins Defensins Interferons

complement proteins

Which of the following is not considered an antibody action to disable antigens? deactivates the complement system neutralizes bacterial toxins causes clumping of pathogens decreases motility of antigens activates phagocytosis

deactivates the complement system

T/F Antibody mediated immunity occurs when defensive cells attack and destroy invaders.

false

T/F Lymph and plasma have essentially the same composition except for the absence of clotting factors in lymph.

false

Which of the following intensifies the effect of interferons and promotes the rate of repair? Complement system Acute inflammation Fever Chronic inflammation Pus formation

fever

We are born with a type of defense which consists of barriers and generic methods for attacking any invaders which breach those barriers. It is known as... innate immunity generic immunity indiscriminate adaptive immunity

innate immunity

Which anti-microbial substances reduce viral replication in uninfected cells? Transferrins Perforins Complement proteins Defensins Interferons

interferons

What is the major difference between lymph and interstitial fluid? Composition of electrolytes White blood cells are present in lymph Location Types of proteins present Red blood cells are present in interstitial fluid

location

Which of the following would be considered a first line of defense in innate immunity? interferons lysozyme complement proteins iron-binding proteins antimicrobial proteins

lysozymes

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens? are also called human leukocyte antigens are a major reason for tissue rejection in transplantation surgery mark each body cell surface except the white blood cells primary function is to aid the T cells in recognizing foreign antigens there are two major types

mark each body cell surface except the white blood cells

A secondary invasion of an antigen may produce no signs or symptoms due to the action of: cytotoxic T cells helper T cells memory cells B cells plasma cells

memory cells

Cytotoxic T cells may kill infected target cells by 1. inducing apoptosis in the target cell. 2. creating channels in the target cell membrane. 3. releasing antibodies which coat the target cells.

1 and 2

Antibodies may affect a pathogen by coating/blocking. immobilization. opsonization. all of these.

All of these

Complement proteins enhance cytolysis. inflammation. phagocytosis. All of these.

All of these

Which is NOT a function of antibodies? neutralize antigen. agglutinate or precipitate antigen. activate complement enhance phagocytosis. All of these choices are functions of antibodies

All of these choices are functions of antibodies

What causes lymph from the small intestines to appear white? Proteins WBC RBC Lipids Carbohydrates

Lipids

Which of the following cells is part of the body's second line of defense? Mucous cells Dendritic cells B and T Lymphocytes Natural killer cells None of these choices

Natural killer cells

Which of the following is NOT considered an organ of the immune system? Spleen Lymph node Red bone marrow Thymus Pancreas

Pancreas

The ability of an antigen to react specifically with the antibodies or cells it has provoked is called Specificity Immunogenicity Reactivity Antigen processing Antigen presentation

Reactivity

Which of the following is a function of the spleen? Removes worn out blood cells Circulates lymph Cleanses interstitial fluid Cleanses lymph Traps microbes with mucus

Removes worn out blood cells

Exogenous antigens are processed by antigen presenting cells by which of the following? The antigen is digested into peptides, MHC-II molecules are synthesized by APCs and packaged into vesicles, vesicles containing the peptide fragments and MHC-II molecules fuse, antigen peptide fragments bind to MHC - II molecules, antigen MHC complexes are inserted into the plasma membrane. The antigen is digested into monosaccharides, MHC-II molecules are synthesized by neutrophils and packaged into vesicles, vesicles containing the peptide fragments and MHC-II molecules fuse, antigen peptide fragments bind to MHC - II molecules, antigen MHC complexes are inserted into the plasma membrane. The antigen is digested into peptides, MHC-II molecules are synthesized by APCs and packaged into vesicles, vesicles containing the peptide fragments and MHC-II molecules fuse forming a phagolysosome, antigen peptide fragments bind to MHC II molecules, antigen MHC complexes are release into interstitial fluid. The antigen is digested into peptides, MHC-IV molecules are synthesized by eosinophils and packaged into vesicles, vesicles containing the peptide fragments and MHC-II molecules fuse, antigen peptide fragments bind to MHC II molecules, antigen MHC complexes are inserted into the plasma membrane.

The antigen is digested into peptides, MHC-II molecules are synthesized by APCs and packaged into vesicles, vesicles containing the peptide fragments and MHC-II molecules fuse, antigen peptide fragments bind to MHC - II molecules, antigen MHC complexes are inserted into the plasma membrane.

How do the primary response and the secondary response to an antigen differ? The secondary response occurs faster than the primary response. The secondary response involves production of IgM while the primary response results in IgA production. The secondary response would occur on the first exposure to the antigen. All of these are correct

The secondary response occurs faster than the primary response.

Suppose you have cut yourself and a specific strain of bacteria have entered the wound. The neutralization of that pathogen is normally accomplished by...

adaptive immunity

Which is NOT a function of the lymphatic system? carry out immune responses drain excess interstitial fluid transport dietary lipids all of these choices are functions of the lymphatic system none of these choices are functions of the lymphatic system

all of these choices are functions of the lymphatic system

Which of the following is not a defense barrier involved with innate defenses? mucus fluids secreted by the lacrimal apparatus flow of urine sebum all of these choices are protective barriers

all of these choices are protective barriers

Innate resistance includes all of the following, except barriers. fever. antibodies. antimicrobial agents.

antibodies

Our primary defense against invasion of pathogens into the body is by defensive cells such as macrophages and phagocytes barriers such as skin and mucous membranes white blood cells in constant circulation in case invasion occurs T and B lymphocytes which can be activated to recognize specific invaders

barriers such as skin and mucous membranes

The first signal required for activation of a T cell is expression of a T cell receptor. binding of antigen to the TCR. binding of antigen to self-MHC. costimulation through protein/protein interaction between the T cell and an APCell interaction with a cytokine such as interleukin 2.

binding of antigen to the TCR.

The area drained by the thoracic duct is: lower extremities upper extremities upper right trunk, upper right limb and head lower right trunk, lower right limb, and right side of head and neck both lower limbs, lower trunk, left side of head and neck, left upper limb

both lower limbs, lower trunk, left side of head and neck, left upper limb

Antibodies are produced by cytotoxic cells helper cells plasma cells interstitial cells

plasma cells

The organ that is not a secondary lymphatic organ is? red bone marrow spleen lymphatic nodules lymph nodesWhich of the following is not a defense barrier involved with innate defenses?

red bone marrow

Listed below are signs and symptoms of inflammation matched with a cause. Which of the pairs is INCORRECTLY matched? heat: increased metabolic activity in damaged tissues and increased blood flow to the area redness: increased blood flow as the result of vasodilation pain: kinins, prostaglandins and edema swelling: decreased capillary permeability All of these choices are correct.

swelling: decreased capillary permeability

Which statement is true about immunological memory? the primary response is more powerful than the secondary cytotoxic T cells differentiate into memory cells upon a second exposure to an antigen the use of vaccinations is based on the concept of immunological memory there is an immediate rise in serum antibodies upon exposure to an antigen memory cells can survive up to several weeks

the use of vaccinations is based on the concept of immunological memory

What distinguishing feature of a pathogen allows our lymphocytes to recognize it as a foreign organism that must be destroyed? Pathogens always contain cells that are larger than human cells. There are epitopes in the cell membrane of pathogens that our lymphocytes recognize as foreign. Pathogens exhibit abnormal behavior, which lymphocytes detect. Pathogens emit interleukins, which stimulate lymphocytes into action.

there are epitopes in the cell membrane it pathogens that our lymphocytes recognize as foreign

Which organ produces a hormone that promotes maturation of T cells? Spleen Lymph node Red bone marrow Thymus Pancreas

thymus

T/F Antibodies may agglutinate antigens, which will help increase the efficiency of phagocytosis.

true

T/F Bacteria are an example of a pathogen.

true

T/F Complement proteins destroy microbes by enhancing phagocytosis, cytolysis, and inflammation and help to prevent damage to body tissues.

true

T/F Gastric juices help to prevent some pathogens from invading the lower GI tract.

true

T/F Goblet cells produce mucus to capture dust and microbes. Trapped particles are swept away by cilia.

true

T/F Macrophages consume invading pathogens.

true

T/F Skin is a primary barrier defense in the innate immune system.

true

T/F The lymphatic system helps to transport dietary lipids.

true

T/F The primary response creates long-lived memory B- and T-cells.

true

T/F Vaccines provide the body with a primary response to disease antigens. This allows for a strong "initial" secondary response if the pathogen is ever encountered.

true

T/F Vitamins A, D, E and K are absorbed via lacteals in the small intestine.

true

T/F When a normal body cell becomes invaded by a pathogen, it adds a piece of the foreign antigen to its own major histocompatibility complex to signal to our defensive cells that it has been invaded.

true

The primary response creates long-lived memory B-cells.

true

Lymphatic flow moves _____ and controlled by skeletal muscle and respiratory action. unidirectionally bidirectionally away from the heart all of these

unidirectionally

Which of the following do NOT provide protection against microbes that penetrate the skin and mucous membranes? interferons urine complement transferrin antimicrobial protein

urine