CHAPTER 23 HAZ MAT
Sharpnel fragmentation
Debris thrown outwards in all directions, typically small pieces of the ruptured container or structure.
Stream
Pattern in which liquids flow along the surface, affected by gravity and terrain.
Mechanical
Physical force that crushes,cracks,penetrates, or weakens the container wall.
Chemical Hazards
Poisons/toxins Corrosives Irritants Convulsants Carcinogens Sensitizer/allergens
Alpha Radiation
Positively charges alpha particles are emitted from nucleus of heaven radioactive elements, such as uranium and radium. ~They can be blocked by human skin and paper ~They can be harmful if ingested or inhaled.
Beta Radiation
Positively or negatively charged beta particles(protons and electrons) are emitted from the nucleus of radioactive elements such as tritium,carbon-14 and strontium-90. ~They can penetrate the outer layer of skin and cause radiation damage to the body. ~Even more harmful if you ingest it. ~ Beta particles can travel up to 20 feet through the air. ~ They can be stopped by a layer of clothing or .08 inches of aluminum.
Asphyxiants Hazards
Prevent body from absorbing oxygen
Nuertoxins
Produce systemic effects in the nervous system by disrupting nerve impulses
Chemical asphyxiants
Prohbit the body from processing available oxygen
Radiation Health Hazards (Radiation Dose)
Quantity of radiation energy absorbed into the body.
Blast Pressure
Rapidly released gas create a shock wave that travels outward from the center of the blast, causing most of the injuries and damage.
Runaway cracking
Single crack that grows rapidly,breaking the container into large pieces
Contact
Skin or some other exposed surfaces touches a solid, liquid or gaseous hazardous material.
Spill/leak
Slow release of pressurized material through holes, rips, tears, attachments or usual openings.
Potential Biological weapons include
Smallpox Anthrax Botulism
States of Matter
Solid Liquid Gas
Harm
Some exposures may be harmful to the environment and /or human health.
Rickettsias
Specialized bacteria spread by infected fleas, ticks and lice.
Attachments(closures)open or break
Stress applied to attachments, such as pressure-relief devices or discharge valves.
Catalyst
Substance that modifies (usually increases) the rate of a chemical reaction, without consumed in the process. Styrene and propylene
Rapid relief
Sudden release of a pressurized material through holes in the container or through damaged valves,piping, or attachments.
Violent rupture
Sudden release of chemical or mechanical energy caused by runway cracks. BLEVE
Ingestion
Swallowing,either deliberately or accidently
TRACEM
T: Thermal hazards R: Radiological hazards A: Asphyxiation hazards C: Chemical hazards E: Etiological/biological hazards M: Mechanical hazards
2.Breach Five types
The way in which a container breaches is based on its construction material, the type is is exposed to and pressure inside the container at the time it fails.
Pool
Three-dimension, slow-flowing liquid dispersion. Liquid assume the shape of the area they flow into and pool in low areas.
Acute dose Chronic does
are received over a short period of time Are small amounts received over a long period of time.
1.Stress
A container that is stressed beyond its design strength ,any breach(fail). 3 types: Thermal,Chemical,Mechanical
Irregular
A no geometric pattern, often caused when materials is spread by contaminated responders.
Reactivity
A substance to chemically react with other materials.
Neutral
*7*
Ambient air have a vapor density of
1
Water has a specific gravity of
1
HAZ mat incidents can be caused by
1. Human error 2. Mechanical damage 3. Container failure 4. Transportation accidents 5. Vandalism of terrorism
General Emergency Behavior Model (GEBM) Six stages
1.Stress 2.Breach 3.Release 4.Dispersion/Engulf 5. Exposure/Contact 6. Harm
Reactivity
Ability of a chemical react with other materials, and the speed with which that reaction takes place.
Hazard types
Acute or chronic
3. Release Four types
After container breaches, its contents and stored energy are released.
Types of Ionizing Radiation
Alpha, Beta,Gamma, and Neutron radiation.
Bases
Also known as alkalis or caustics, are water soluble compounds that break apart in water, Forming negatively charged hydroxide ions. PH: *8 to 14* ex: caustic soda and potassium hydroxide.
Acids
Are chemicals that break down (ionize) in water to yield hydrogen ion. PH:*0 to 6.9*
Cryogens
Are gases that turn into liquid at or below -130 degree F at 14.7 psi. Examples include: Nitrogen,Helium,Hydrogen,Argon,Liquid oxygen (LOX).
Chronic
Are long-term conditions that may take years to appear.
Inhibitor
Are materials that slow down or prevent unwanted chemical reactions. Most common is:Phenol aka carbolic acid
Etiological or Biological Hazards
Are microorganisms that cause severe illness or disease. Ex:Viruses and Bacteria
Neutron Radiation
Are particles are produced by fission reactions. ~Are found in research laboratories and nuclear power plants. ~Have a mass but no electrical charge. ~More penetrating than gamma rays. ~Difficult to measure in the field. ~Neutron radiation is hazardous to health because it creates secondary radiation as it passes through human tissue.
Biological Toxins
Are produced by living organisims, even through the organism itself is usually not harmful
Acute
Are short-term conditions that appear within hours or days.
Bacteria
Are single- celled organisms that do not typically cause disease.
Ion
Atom that has lost or gained an electron, giving it a positive or negative charge.
Seismic effect
Blast near ground level create shock waves, causing the ground to shake as it would during an earth quake
Inhalation
Breathing in hazardous vapors,smoke,gases,fumes,liquid aerosols, and suspended dust.
CBRNE
C: chemical B: Biological R:Radiological N: Nuclear E: Explosive
Carcinogens
Cancer causing agents
Sensitizers/Allergens
Cause allergic reactions
Corrosives
Cause damage to anything they touch. They can corrode metal and burn human tissue.
Mechanical Hazards
Cause injury through blunt physical force
Corrosive materials
Cause local damage to the skin when touched
Persistence
Chemical is it ability to remain in the environment.
4.Dispersion/engulf Seven types (CCHIPPS)
Cloud: Ball-shaped pattern in which materials collectively rise above the surface.
IDLH
Concentrations that can cause death or serious illness/injury.
Cone
Cone-shaped pattern with a point source a the breach and wide base downwind
Gamma Radiation
Consist of high- energy *photons* that often accompany the emission of alpha or beta particles from nucleus. ~Gamma rays have *no mass *and electrical charge but are highly penetrating. ~They can easily pass through the human body, inflicting sever radiation. ~They can be stopped by approx. 2 inches of lead, 2 feet of concrete, or several feet of earth. ~Standard firefighting protective clothing provides no protection.
5.Exposure/Contact
Dispersed materials may come into contact with people, property, and the surrounding environment. Short term: seconds Medium: days and weeks Long-term: years and generations
Hemispheric
Dome-shaped pattern in which some materials stays on the surface,but the rest becomes airborne
Detonation
Explosive release of stored chemical energy of a hazardous material
Split to tear
Failure of the welding seam on a tank(split) or the stitched seam on a bag of fertilizer (tear); typically caused by mechanical or thermal stress.
States of Matter
Gas,Liquid and solid
Disintegration
General loss if integrity,such as a glass bottle shattering or a grenade exploding
Introduction to Hazardous Materials
Harmful substances are known ad *Hazardous materials* in the United states and *Dangerous Goods* in Canada and other countries.
Gas
Hazardous materials are present in the air,creating a potential inhalation hazard
Elevated Temperatures
Include molted sulfur and molten aluminum, which is typically shipped at 1,300 degree F. These materials can cause lethal burns and create fire,steam, and explosions.
Solubility
Material that dissolves in water at ambient temperature
Routes of Entry
Inhalation Ingestion Contact Absorption
Thermal Hazards
Involve extreme heat and cold. ~Polymerization: chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine to form larger molecules.
Plume
Irregular airborne pattern influenced by wind/and or terrain
Specific Gravity
Is the density of a substance compared to density of some standard material, typically water
Boiling Point
Is the temperature at which vapor is equal to or greater than atmospheric pressure.
Vapor Density
Is the weight of pure vapor gas compared to the weight of an equal volume of dry air, at the same temperature and pressure.
Diseases associated with etiological hazards include:
Malaria,Aids and typhoid
Properties and Behavior
Material's behavior is determined by it's physical properties.
Liquid
Materials are primarily C contact hazard (through splashing).
Absorption
Materials enters the body through the skin or eyes.
Vapor Pressure
Measure the substance tendency to evaporate.
Puncture
Mechanical force that punctures the container.
Radiological Hazards
Most common at medical centers,nuclear power plants, research facilities, and transportation incidents. ~ The least energetic type of radiation is *nonionizing radiation*, such as visible light or radio waves. ~The most energetic type is *Ionizing radiation*. This type is more hazardous.
Simple asphyxiants are gases such as
Nitrogen, displace oxygen
Reactivity Triangle
Oxidizing agent ( oxygen)= yellow Reducing agent (fuel) = blue Activation energy (heat)= red
To safely mitigate hazardous materials incidents, you must
Understand the variety of hazardous materials you may encounter, the potential health effects of the materials, and the physical *hazards* associated with them. You should know how to identify different types of hazardous material and how to recognize their presence in a terrorist attack to illicit laboratory.
Viruses
Viruses reproduce in the living cells of their hosts and do not respond to antibiotics.
WMD
Weapons of mass destruction. They can cause mass casualties and damage.
Systemic effects
When toxins are absorbed into the bloodstream they are distributed throughout the body.
Solid
With a small particle size remain suspended in the air for much longer, whereas large particles settle ,more quickly.
Poisons/Toxins
can cause injury at the site where they contact the body,typically the skin and the mucous membranes of the eyes,nose,mouth, and respiratory tract. These injury is called *Local toxic Effect*
Convulsion
cause by involuntary muscle contraction Ex: Organophosphates
Gas
hazardous material that presents in the air
Irritants
~Cause temporary but sometimes severe inflammation to the eyes, skin, or respiratory system. ~May be found irritants may be found in fertilizers,disinfectants, and solvents.
Thermal
~Excessive heating or cooling of the container,causing it to expand or contract. ~Thermal stress may also increase internal pressure and reduce container integrity, resulting in sudden failure.
Low Temperatures
~Low temperatures are caused by liquefied gases and cryogenic liquids, which absorb heats so quickly they can freeze nearby objects. ~ Liquefied gases become partially liquid at 70 degree F under charging pressure.
Chemical
~Reaction produced heat and pressure, causing the container to suddenly or gradually deteriorate. ~Chemical stress can result from external exposure to corrosive.