CHAPTER 23 HAZ MAT

Sharpnel fragmentation

Debris thrown outwards in all directions, typically small pieces of the ruptured container or structure.

Stream

Pattern in which liquids flow along the surface, affected by gravity and terrain.

Mechanical

Physical force that crushes,cracks,penetrates, or weakens the container wall.

Chemical Hazards

Poisons/toxins Corrosives Irritants Convulsants Carcinogens Sensitizer/allergens

Alpha Radiation

Positively charges alpha particles are emitted from nucleus of heaven radioactive elements, such as uranium and radium. ~They can be blocked by human skin and paper ~They can be harmful if ingested or inhaled.

Beta Radiation

Positively or negatively charged beta particles(protons and electrons) are emitted from the nucleus of radioactive elements such as tritium,carbon-14 and strontium-90. ~They can penetrate the outer layer of skin and cause radiation damage to the body. ~Even more harmful if you ingest it. ~ Beta particles can travel up to 20 feet through the air. ~ They can be stopped by a layer of clothing or .08 inches of aluminum.

Asphyxiants Hazards

Prevent body from absorbing oxygen

Nuertoxins

Produce systemic effects in the nervous system by disrupting nerve impulses

Chemical asphyxiants

Prohbit the body from processing available oxygen

Radiation Health Hazards (Radiation Dose)

Quantity of radiation energy absorbed into the body.

Blast Pressure

Rapidly released gas create a shock wave that travels outward from the center of the blast, causing most of the injuries and damage.

Runaway cracking

Single crack that grows rapidly,breaking the container into large pieces

Contact

Skin or some other exposed surfaces touches a solid, liquid or gaseous hazardous material.

Spill/leak

Slow release of pressurized material through holes, rips, tears, attachments or usual openings.

Potential Biological weapons include

Smallpox Anthrax Botulism

States of Matter

Solid Liquid Gas

Harm

Some exposures may be harmful to the environment and /or human health.

Rickettsias

Specialized bacteria spread by infected fleas, ticks and lice.

Attachments(closures)open or break

Stress applied to attachments, such as pressure-relief devices or discharge valves.

Catalyst

Substance that modifies (usually increases) the rate of a chemical reaction, without consumed in the process. Styrene and propylene

Rapid relief

Sudden release of a pressurized material through holes in the container or through damaged valves,piping, or attachments.

Violent rupture

Sudden release of chemical or mechanical energy caused by runway cracks. BLEVE

Ingestion

Swallowing,either deliberately or accidently

TRACEM

T: Thermal hazards R: Radiological hazards A: Asphyxiation hazards C: Chemical hazards E: Etiological/biological hazards M: Mechanical hazards

2.Breach Five types

The way in which a container breaches is based on its construction material, the type is is exposed to and pressure inside the container at the time it fails.

Pool

Three-dimension, slow-flowing liquid dispersion. Liquid assume the shape of the area they flow into and pool in low areas.

Acute dose Chronic does

are received over a short period of time Are small amounts received over a long period of time.

1.Stress

A container that is stressed beyond its design strength ,any breach(fail). 3 types: Thermal,Chemical,Mechanical

Irregular

A no geometric pattern, often caused when materials is spread by contaminated responders.

Reactivity

A substance to chemically react with other materials.

Neutral

*7*

Ambient air have a vapor density of

1

Water has a specific gravity of

1

HAZ mat incidents can be caused by

1. Human error 2. Mechanical damage 3. Container failure 4. Transportation accidents 5. Vandalism of terrorism

General Emergency Behavior Model (GEBM) Six stages

1.Stress 2.Breach 3.Release 4.Dispersion/Engulf 5. Exposure/Contact 6. Harm

Reactivity

Ability of a chemical react with other materials, and the speed with which that reaction takes place.

Hazard types

Acute or chronic

3. Release Four types

After container breaches, its contents and stored energy are released.

Types of Ionizing Radiation

Alpha, Beta,Gamma, and Neutron radiation.

Bases

Also known as alkalis or caustics, are water soluble compounds that break apart in water, Forming negatively charged hydroxide ions. PH: *8 to 14* ex: caustic soda and potassium hydroxide.

Acids

Are chemicals that break down (ionize) in water to yield hydrogen ion. PH:*0 to 6.9*

Cryogens

Are gases that turn into liquid at or below -130 degree F at 14.7 psi. Examples include: Nitrogen,Helium,Hydrogen,Argon,Liquid oxygen (LOX).

Chronic

Are long-term conditions that may take years to appear.

Inhibitor

Are materials that slow down or prevent unwanted chemical reactions. Most common is:Phenol aka carbolic acid

Etiological or Biological Hazards

Are microorganisms that cause severe illness or disease. Ex:Viruses and Bacteria

Neutron Radiation

Are particles are produced by fission reactions. ~Are found in research laboratories and nuclear power plants. ~Have a mass but no electrical charge. ~More penetrating than gamma rays. ~Difficult to measure in the field. ~Neutron radiation is hazardous to health because it creates secondary radiation as it passes through human tissue.

Biological Toxins

Are produced by living organisims, even through the organism itself is usually not harmful

Acute

Are short-term conditions that appear within hours or days.

Bacteria

Are single- celled organisms that do not typically cause disease.

Ion

Atom that has lost or gained an electron, giving it a positive or negative charge.

Seismic effect

Blast near ground level create shock waves, causing the ground to shake as it would during an earth quake

Inhalation

Breathing in hazardous vapors,smoke,gases,fumes,liquid aerosols, and suspended dust.

CBRNE

C: chemical B: Biological R:Radiological N: Nuclear E: Explosive

Carcinogens

Cancer causing agents

Sensitizers/Allergens

Cause allergic reactions

Corrosives

Cause damage to anything they touch. They can corrode metal and burn human tissue.

Mechanical Hazards

Cause injury through blunt physical force

Corrosive materials

Cause local damage to the skin when touched

Persistence

Chemical is it ability to remain in the environment.

4.Dispersion/engulf Seven types (CCHIPPS)

Cloud: Ball-shaped pattern in which materials collectively rise above the surface.

IDLH

Concentrations that can cause death or serious illness/injury.

Cone

Cone-shaped pattern with a point source a the breach and wide base downwind

Gamma Radiation

Consist of high- energy *photons* that often accompany the emission of alpha or beta particles from nucleus. ~Gamma rays have *no mass *and electrical charge but are highly penetrating. ~They can easily pass through the human body, inflicting sever radiation. ~They can be stopped by approx. 2 inches of lead, 2 feet of concrete, or several feet of earth. ~Standard firefighting protective clothing provides no protection.

5.Exposure/Contact

Dispersed materials may come into contact with people, property, and the surrounding environment. Short term: seconds Medium: days and weeks Long-term: years and generations

Hemispheric

Dome-shaped pattern in which some materials stays on the surface,but the rest becomes airborne

Detonation

Explosive release of stored chemical energy of a hazardous material

Split to tear

Failure of the welding seam on a tank(split) or the stitched seam on a bag of fertilizer (tear); typically caused by mechanical or thermal stress.

States of Matter

Gas,Liquid and solid

Disintegration

General loss if integrity,such as a glass bottle shattering or a grenade exploding

Introduction to Hazardous Materials

Harmful substances are known ad *Hazardous materials* in the United states and *Dangerous Goods* in Canada and other countries.

Gas

Hazardous materials are present in the air,creating a potential inhalation hazard

Elevated Temperatures

Include molted sulfur and molten aluminum, which is typically shipped at 1,300 degree F. These materials can cause lethal burns and create fire,steam, and explosions.

Solubility

Material that dissolves in water at ambient temperature

Routes of Entry

Inhalation Ingestion Contact Absorption

Thermal Hazards

Involve extreme heat and cold. ~Polymerization: chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine to form larger molecules.

Plume

Irregular airborne pattern influenced by wind/and or terrain

Specific Gravity

Is the density of a substance compared to density of some standard material, typically water

Boiling Point

Is the temperature at which vapor is equal to or greater than atmospheric pressure.

Vapor Density

Is the weight of pure vapor gas compared to the weight of an equal volume of dry air, at the same temperature and pressure.

Diseases associated with etiological hazards include:

Malaria,Aids and typhoid

Properties and Behavior

Material's behavior is determined by it's physical properties.

Liquid

Materials are primarily C contact hazard (through splashing).

Absorption

Materials enters the body through the skin or eyes.

Vapor Pressure

Measure the substance tendency to evaporate.

Puncture

Mechanical force that punctures the container.

Radiological Hazards

Most common at medical centers,nuclear power plants, research facilities, and transportation incidents. ~ The least energetic type of radiation is *nonionizing radiation*, such as visible light or radio waves. ~The most energetic type is *Ionizing radiation*. This type is more hazardous.

Simple asphyxiants are gases such as

Nitrogen, displace oxygen

Reactivity Triangle

Oxidizing agent ( oxygen)= yellow Reducing agent (fuel) = blue Activation energy (heat)= red

To safely mitigate hazardous materials incidents, you must

Understand the variety of hazardous materials you may encounter, the potential health effects of the materials, and the physical *hazards* associated with them. You should know how to identify different types of hazardous material and how to recognize their presence in a terrorist attack to illicit laboratory.

Viruses

Viruses reproduce in the living cells of their hosts and do not respond to antibiotics.

WMD

Weapons of mass destruction. They can cause mass casualties and damage.

Systemic effects

When toxins are absorbed into the bloodstream they are distributed throughout the body.

Solid

With a small particle size remain suspended in the air for much longer, whereas large particles settle ,more quickly.

Poisons/Toxins

can cause injury at the site where they contact the body,typically the skin and the mucous membranes of the eyes,nose,mouth, and respiratory tract. These injury is called *Local toxic Effect*

Convulsion

cause by involuntary muscle contraction Ex: Organophosphates

Gas

hazardous material that presents in the air

Irritants

~Cause temporary but sometimes severe inflammation to the eyes, skin, or respiratory system. ~May be found irritants may be found in fertilizers,disinfectants, and solvents.

Thermal

~Excessive heating or cooling of the container,causing it to expand or contract. ~Thermal stress may also increase internal pressure and reduce container integrity, resulting in sudden failure.

Low Temperatures

~Low temperatures are caused by liquefied gases and cryogenic liquids, which absorb heats so quickly they can freeze nearby objects. ~ Liquefied gases become partially liquid at 70 degree F under charging pressure.

Chemical

~Reaction produced heat and pressure, causing the container to suddenly or gradually deteriorate. ~Chemical stress can result from external exposure to corrosive.