APES Exam Review

This layer of soil is the least weathered and closest to the parent material

C layer

Which layer of Earth is composed primarily of iron and nickel?

Core

Subsidies...

Encourage waste

What does terrestrial pollution mean?

Land Pollution

Are all bacteria pathogens?

No, most are harmless

What is the basis for dividing the atmosphere into four layers?

Temperature

What is the tragedy of the commons?

destruction of shared resources through self-serving behavior

What type of mining is used when terrain is flat and large earth miners strip away over burden?

strip mining

What has become a consequence in China of the preference for having a male child?

"Bride Shortage" (much less women than men)

SO2 emissions decreased from 200 millions tons to 40 million tons, what is the % change?

- 80%

Which latitudes does the Hadley Cell operate over? 15-45 ° N and S 30-60°N and S 0-30°N and S 5-10°N and S

0-30°N and S

Which statement best explains how energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next? all of the energy at one level transfers to the next. 10% of the energy at one level transfers to the next. 90% of the energy at one level transfers to the next. None of the energy at one level transfers to the next.

10% of the energy at one level transfers to the next.

On the richter scale, an earthquake with a magnitude of 6.0 is how many times greater than a 9.0 earthquake?

1000

How much biomass of phytoplankton would be needed to produce 1 kg of large fish?

1000 kg

A jump from 4 to 6 on the pH scale is _______ times _______. 20; weaker 10; weaker 200; weaker 100; weaker

100; weaker

In what year was the wilderness act passed?

1964

What is approximately the replacement level fertility rate for more developed countries?

2.1

What is approximately replacement level fertility rate for less developed countries?

2.5

perfect soil combination

20% clay, 40% sand, 40% silt

A temp. grassland biome has GPP of 3,480 kcal/m2/yr and NPP of 2,000 kcal/m2 /yr. How much kcal/m2/yr to herbivores?

200 kcal/m2/yr

Concentration of CO2 in 1958 was 310ppm and was 390ppm by 2009. What is the % increase?

25%

Hearing loss occurs at decibel levels over

85

how much energy is NOT passed to the next trophic level?

90%

The picture shows _________, which can lead to a/an ______ of genetic diversity. population migration; increase A Population bottleneck; decrease population bottleneck; increase Population migration; decrease

A Population bottleneck; decrease

What happens when a population exceeds carrying capacity?

A crash

Which situation is an example of biomagnification? A bear eats and stores nutrients as fat A frog is poisoned and dies after nearby use of pesticides A hawk eats a fish that ate small fish that had toxins A caterpillar eats toxins on leaves and can't eliminate them

A hawk eats a fish that ate small fish that had toxins

What is the U.S. baby boom?

A period from 1946-1964 of much higher birthrates

What is a stable population?

A population that fluctuates just above and below capacity

What is an irruptive population?

A population with high peaks followed by big crashes

Which letter represents a carbon sink that holds carbon compounds for the shortest amount of time? A: Vegetation C: Ocean B: Sedimentary Rock D: Burning of fossil fuels

A: Vegetation

What step of the water treatment process adds oxygen to promote the bacterial growth?

Aeration tank

El Nino and La Nina events can have a major impact on all of the following except Hurricane activity Precipitation rates Fishery productivity Albedo

Albedo

PM impacts global temperatures because as soot lands on snow it decreases

Albedo

Alien species are dangerous because:

Alien species have no natural predators

Overuse of fertilizers causes: Eutrophication Hypoxic zones Biodiversity loss All of the above

All of the above: Eutrophication, Hypoxic zones, and Biodiversity loss

What is a common problem with aquaculture? Fish tend to escape There are higher levels of carcinogens in farm-raised fish Water pollution All of the above

All of the above: Fish tend to escape, There are higher levels of carcinogens in farm-raised fish, and pollution

Why can forest fires be beneficial? Minor disturbances increase biodiversity helps to increase nutrient cycling allows conifers and other hard seeds to release & germinate All of the above

All of the above: Minor disturbances increase biodiversity, helps to increase nutrient cycling, and allows conifers and other hard seeds to release & germinate

What is bycatch

All the creatures caught by accident in commercial fishing

Which area of the world has actually seen an extreme DECREASE in temperature?

Antarctica

Which of the following types of organisms are required to complete the nitrogen cycle, incl. denitrification? bacteria producers consumers fungi

Bacteria

Which of the following is NOT a problem associated with GMOs? Unknown health effects Cross pollination between GMOs and nonGMOs May affect persons with allergies Believed to increase risk of cancer

Believed to increase risk of cancer

Genetic variation, ecosystem variation and species variation all are forms of

Biodiversity

Which of the following is not a problem typically associated with the act of grazing cattle? Soil compaction Vegetation loss Biodiversity loss Erosion

Biodiversity loss

The cause of acid precipitation is

Burning of fossil fuels to produce electricity

Which of the following is NOT a type of forest fire? Crown fire Surface fire Bush fire Prescribed fire

Bush fire

Antropogenic compounds that breakdown stratospheric ozone:

CFCs

The Clean Air Act regulates all of the following pollutants except CO2 CO SOx Pb

CO2

Which biogeochemical cycle includes the processes of buffering ocean pH and photosynthesis?

Carbon Cycle

What are the consequences of burning coal Carbon Dioxide emissions Acid Rain Ash containing toxic metals All of the above

Carbon Dioxide emissions, Acid Rain, and Ash containing toxic metals

Which greenhouse gas is the worst (causes the most problems, stays int he atmosphere longest)

Carbon dioxide

What is toxin that causes cancer?

Carcinogen

The rate of reaction can be measured in the dark by determining the amount of oxygen gas consumed in a period of time.

Cellular Respiration

Which is not a way populations are distributed? Random Uniformed Clumped Centralized

Centralized

Microlending is designed to promote all of these EXCEPT Charity with developing nations Small business development Sustainable economic and environmental practices

Charity with developing nations

Where was the most damaging nuclear accident in the world?

Chernobyl, Ukraine

20% sand, 20% silt, and 60% clay

Clay

Most weathered (smallest) particle type?

Clay

What best describes the Superfund Act?

Clean up of contaminated areas

Recycling an aluminum can to make more aluminum cans is considered...

Closed Loop Recycling

Which statement(s) below are correct? Continental crust is less dense than oceanic crust Oceanic crust is less dense than continental crust Both continental crust and oceanic crust have the same density Crust densities are not comparable

Continental crust is less dense than oceanic crust

Earth's plates are in constant motion because

Convection in Earth's mantle causes oceanic plates to spread

Put Earth's layers in order from outermost layer to innermost layer. Crust, Asthenosphere, Lithosphere, Outer Core, Inner Core, Mantle Lithosphere, Crust, Asthenosphere, Mantle, Outer Core, Inner Core Crust, Lithosphere, Asthenosphere, Mantle, Outer Core, Inner Core Asthenosphere, Mantle, Crust, Lithosphere, Outer Core, Inner Core

Crust, Lithosphere, Asthenosphere, Mantle, Outer Core, Inner Core

Which of the boxes represents a carbon source (emits more than it absorbs)? A: Vegetation B: Sedimentary Rock C: Ocean D: Burning of fossil fuels

D: Burning of Fossil Fuels

Why would a loss of insect biodiversity be bad for our planet?

Decline in food crop pollination

What type of conditions are found at 30 degrees North?

Desert, Hot, Dry

Where are a lot of biodiversity hot spots?

Developing nations

Which of the following would be classified as biomass? Dung Wood Charcoal All of these

Dung, Wood, Charcoal

The essentials of human survival come from

Ecosystem services

Pollution that leads to an algae bloom is called...

Eurtrophication

The cost of a good/service not included in the economic price:

Externality

Which of the following is not an example of the tragedy of the commons? Exxon Valdez oil spill depleting the ogallala aquifer commercial extinction of atlantic cod the american dust bowl

Exxon Valdez oil spill

True or False Normal rain fall is slightly basic.

False

True or False: Coal, oil, and natural gas are all renewable sources.

False

True or False: Renewable Energy sources produce most of the electricity utilized by the United States.

False

Habitat loss impacts generalist species more than specialist species: True; generalist species have higher pop. sizes so they suffer more loss True; generalists have more specific habitat needs and are less tolerant False; generalists have fewer habitat needs & are more tolerant of change False; habitat loss impacts generalists and specialists the same

False; generalists have fewer habitat needs & are more tolerant of change

What are the effects of eutrophication?

Fish can die, Oxygen levels in water will go down, Algae will grow in abundance and block out the sun for other water plants

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of no till farming? Increased water inflitration Decreased erosion Improved nutrient cycling Greater pest resistance among crops

Greater pest resistance among crops

The total rate of photosynthesis in a given area

Gross Primary Productivity

Which of the following species of fish are not considered to be "over fished"? Halibut Blue fin tuna Atlantic cod Grouper

Grouper

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of organic farming? Organic fertilizer Managing pests with natural predators Growing GMOs Crop rotation

Growing GMOs

Which of the following links a negative health effect to an man-made source of PM? High rates of respiratory disease from power plant emissions High rates of skin cancer in urban areas with sewage plants High rates of asthma from salt spray in coastal communities High rates of obesity from exposure to waste from livestock

High rates of respiratory disease from power plant emissions

According to bioaccumulation, which type of fish would have the most toxins?

High up the food chain

______ Richness and _______ Evenness will lead to ________ Biodiversity High, Low, High Low, Low, High Low, High, High High, High, High

High, High, High

Which type of economic asset includes human knowledge and abilities?

Human capital

Which is not one of the four main soil components? Air pockets Organic remains Mineral particles Humus

Humus

Most K species have what type of survivorship curve? I III II

I

Which uses steam to turn turbines? I. Nuclear II. Hydroelectric III. Coal-fired power plant II only I and II I and III I, II, and III

I and III

Types of spending that increase GDP include the following except: Consumer spending Exports Imports Government spending

Imports

Major source of increasing greenhouse gases

Increase global population/increase in affluence

Which of the following is NOT a principle of Integrated Pest Management? Using natural predators Using pheremones Introducing new predators to the environment Planting herbs the deter insects

Introducing new predators to the environment

What qualifies a forest as an old growth forest?

It hasn't been disturbed for hundred of years

Why is infant mortality rate a good measure of quality of life?

It reflects levels of nutrition and healthcare

Which trophic level has the least available energy in kilojoules in this food web? Phytoplankton Herbivorous zooplankton Baleen whale Killer Whale

Killer Whale

An attempt at global collaboration to lower production/emissions of CO2

Kyoto Protocol

What is demographic momentum?

Large amounts of young people will have a lot of kids

what is a characteristic of a generalist

Large/wide niche

Neurotoxin once found in gasoline, pipes, paint that bioaccumulates

Lead

Which type of economic asset includes all goods and services that humans produce?

Manufactured capital

When the economic system does not account for all costs it is called

Market failure

Agreement to lower CFC production/emission

Montreal Protocol

What type of soil would be best for a man-made pond, where the goal is to have as little leakage of water as possible?

Mostly Clay

which is equation is correct GPP = NPP - R NPP = GPP - R R = GPP - NPP NPP = GPP + R

NPP = GPP - R

Which of the following energy sources is incorrectly matched with its main use? Nuclear: generate electricity Coal: generate electricity Natural gas: transportation Crude oil: transportation

Natural gas: transportation

Energy available to consumers; calc. by subtracting energy used by plants from total energy transformed by photosynthesis

Net Primary Productivity

Which country has a rapidly expanding age structure? Nigeria China Bulgaria Russia

Nigeria

Although it is not found in a form usable for producers, __________ gas accounts for 78% of our atmosphere

Nitrogen

Which is NOT a greenhouse gas: CO2 O3 N2 CH4

Nitrogen (N2)

Which of the following air pollutants is correctly paired with one of its major effects? Particulates... photochemical smog Nitrogen oxides... acid deposition Lead... lung cancer VOCs... industrial smog

Nitrogen oxides... acid deposition

Which agreement increases economic development but sacrificed well-being and env health?

North American Free Trade Agreement

Which is the correct order of soil horizons starting at the surface? O, A, E, B, C O, E, A, B, C O, A, B, C, E A, B, C, E, O

O, A, E, B, C

which of the following is NOT a reservoir for nitrogen? plants atmosphere animals ocean

Ocean

Selective cutting differs from clear-cutting in that selective cutting: Increases surface runoff and erosion Takes out all the trees Reduces the risk of forest fires Only removes a few trees

Only removes a few trees

Which of the following is true of forest fires? They improve nutrient cycling They should be prevented at all costs Crown fires can helps to prevent worse fires in the future Only you can prevent them

Only you can prevent them

Recycling newspapers to create paper straws is considered...

Open Loop Recycling

What kind of mining involves digging massive holes to extract ore?

Open pit mining

Climate change will have a bigger impact on:

Organisms in extreme environments

Pollutant at ground level and protect from UV radiation in the stratosphere

Ozone

What device converts sunlight into electricity?

PV Cell

Which is NOT a component of r-selected strategists. Large amounts of offspring per litter. Quickly reaches maturity. Parent takes care of offspring for long lengths of time. Has offspring litters often.

Parent takes care of offspring for long lengths of time.

Major pollutant that electrostatic precipitators are designed to remove

Particulates

Solid or liquid particles small enough to be suspended in the atmosphere

Particulates

Which North American species was driven to extinction due to overharvesting?

Passenger Pigeon

What is the pesticide treadmill?

Pest evolve resistance to pesticides making them obsolete

The diagram below best illustrates major processes in which of the following biogeochemical cycles? Carbon Nitrogen Phosphorus Water

Phosphorus

Contour farming is best described as...

Planting crops in strips following the slope of the earth

A factory releases pollutants into a river, this is ______ water pollution

Point Source

What happens in the postindustrial stage of demographic transition?

Population decreases

Which is a reason populations will form in clumps? Populations tend to clump where resources are. Resources are easily found by individuals. To be better prey for predators. Camaraderie

Populations tend to clump where resources are.

Higher temperatures lead to an increase in decomposer populations

Positive Feedback Loop

Which of the following best describes the flow of energy in most terrestrial and near-surface marine ecosystems? Decomposers release energy and nutrients for plants Chemoautotrophs make org. cmpds for consumers Apex predators release heat for use by producers Producers use solar energy to make organic matter

Producers use solar energy to make organic matter

Colorless, odorless, radioactive gas from rock

Radon

The angular tilt of Earth on its axis as it rotates around the Sun is the primary cause of each of the following except Seasons Coriolis Effect Rain Shadow Effect Insolation

Rain Shadow Effect

What is aquaculture?

Rearing fish and marine plants for human consumption

Carbon sequestration

Remove already-emitted greenhouse gas

Which law gives the EPA authority to control hazardous waste from cradle to grave ?

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)

Which of the following is a consequence of indoor air pollution? Reduced risk of asthma Decreased risk of lung cancer The development of skin cancer Respiratory diseases leading to premature death

Respiratory diseases leading to premature death

Which of the following is NOT formed through the process of Subduction? Island arcs Trenches Mountains Ridges

Ridges

Burning coal releases

SO2, Hg, and CO

Which of the following does not drive ocean currents? Salinity Prevailing winds Temperature Gravity

Salanity

The buildup of salts in soil is called

Salinization

biome: warm with slight seasonal variation in temperature; monsoon season; few trees, grasses

Savannah

Limestone is what type of rock?

Sedimentary

Which of the following statements about soil is NOT correct? Soil is fairly static and does not change Soil is the medium for plant growth Soil is a primary filter of water A wide variety of organisms live in soil

Soil is fairly static and does not change

Which direction would you want your house to face to maximize sunlight for PV cells?

South

Where in the United States could you power the whole country through solar power?

Southwest

Using resources to meet the needs of current and future populations

Sustainability

What is toxin that affects an unborn baby?

Teratogen

The majority of the nitrogen on Earth can be found in which of the following reservoirs? Terrestrial Plants Soil Bacteria The Atmosphere Sedimentary Rock

The Atmosphere

What is total fertility rate?

The average number of children a woman has in her life

What is replacement-level fertility rate?

The average number of children needed to replace the parents

What is environmental resistance

The combination of all limiting factors

The intersection point on a supply and demand curve indicates:

The market equilibrium

A survivorship curve describes

The number of a cohort alive at a given age

What is population density?

The number of individuals in a population in a specific area

What is nuclear fission

The splitting of an atomic nucleus into 2 smaller fragments

The IUCN labels species at high risk of extinction:

Threatened

Which of the following sources of renewable energy is limited to those living near the shore? Wind power Solar power Tidal power Geothermal power

Tidal power

Which best describes an age structure diagram of a shrinking population. Bottom heavy Top heavy Uniform Left heavy

Top heavy

What is bioaccumulation?

Toxins building up in a organism.

Characterize the following by plate boundary: Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Himalayas, San Andreas Fault. Convergent; divergent; transform Divergent; transform; convergent Divergent; convergent; transform Transform; convergent; divergent

Transform; convergent; divergent

True or False Ecosystems that have a larger number of species are more likely to recover from disruptions.

True

True or False Biomagnification begins with the bioaccumulation of pollutants in cells

True

True or False Ethanol and biodiesel are made from plants and produce less air pollution than fossil fuels.

True

True or False If two species use the same resources, they can alter their niche to reduce competition.

True

True or False The sources for NOx and SOx that contribute to acid rain are coal power plants and vehicles.

True

True or False: law of conservation of matter = matter cannot be created or destroyed, just cycled

True

True or false- The more genetically diverse a population is, the better it can respond to environmental stressors.

True

Which of the following demonstrates how electricity is produced? Turbine, Generator, and then Electricity Generator, Turbine, and then Electricity Electricity, generator, and then Turbine Turbine, Electricity, and then Generator

Turbine, Generator, and then Electricity

Equal mortality for all ages. Which survivorship curve ?

Type 2

Which US agency protects endangered species?

US Fish and Wildlife

Which developed country has not ratified the Kyoto Protocol?

USA

What is composting

Using bacteria to recycle nutrients in food and crop residue

What is the Green Revolution?

Using industrial farming processes to feed the earth's population

What is high input agriculture

Using lots of money, machinery, fuel, and chemicals

photochemical smog equation

VOCs + NO2+ Heat + Sunlight --> Ground ozone + photochemical oxidants + aldehydes

Golden Rice is a GMO used to prevent _____ deficiency.

Vitamin A

Which of the following is an example of a Durable Consumer Waste product? Food Packaging Yard Clippings Washing Machine

Washing Machine

Which greenhouse gas is the least impacted by human activity?

Water Vapor

What is desertification?

When dry areas become increasingly arid and lose vegitation

Which of these fight off pathogens White Blood Cells Red Blood Cells T cells Lymph nodes

White Blood Cells

What do the control rods in a nuclear reactor do?

absorb neutrons

What is the phenomena pictured?-5

acid deposition

Soil formation in primary succession is encouraged by all the following except physical weathering release of nutrients from rocks the arrival of pioneer species acid rain

acid rain

What is food insecurity Living with chronic hunger and malnutrition eating food that's either non-nutritional or unsafe not knowing where your next meal is coming from all of the above

all of the above: Living with chronic hunger and malnutrition, eating food that's either non-nutritional or unsafe, and not knowing where your next meal is coming from

Logistic population growth can be described as growth when resources are limited an s-shaped curve reaching a carrying capacity all of the above

all of the above: growth when resources are limited, an s-shaped curve, reaching a carrying capacity

On islands, species richness increases with ___ and decreases with ___.

area, isolation

Microscopic fibers emitted from old insulation and brake pads that can cause lung disease

asbestos

The Hawaiian Islands were formed

at a hot spot

which of the following is NOT a reservoir for carbon? atmosphere coal trees fossil fuels

atmosphere

pathogens include _____

bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protists

DDT can cause bioaccumulation and

biomagnification.

biome: cold; seasonal variation in temperature; some rain in summer; northern Canada

boreal forest

Colorless, odorless gas as a result of fossil fuel combustion and deforestation

carbon dioxide

Burning fossil fuels, biomass and biofuels produces

carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter

Colorless, odorless gas from incomplete combustion; keeps hemoglobin from binding w/ O2

carbon monoxide

Catalytic converters reduce

carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides

The word anthropogenic refers to

caused by humans

Tectonic plates drifting can influence evolution by

changing the climate of different continents

When the environment changes, a species will respond in all the following ways except changing behavior migrating or moving going extinct changing their physical traits

changing their physical traits

Which step of wastewater treatment kills bacteria and pathogens?

chlorination

What is slash and burn agriculture?

clearing a burning tropical forests to plant crops

What resource is primarily sought after using mountain top removal?

coal

factors that define terrestrial ecosystems common plants precipitation temperature all of these

common plants, precipitation, and temperature

Petroleum is also known as

crude oil

clearing land of trees results in all of the following EXCEPT decreased infiltration increased erosion decreased runoff decreased evapotranspiration

decreased runoff

The time it takes to use up (80%) reserves of a mineral at a given rate of use is:

depletion time

What is a density-dependent factor?

disease

What irrigation method is most efficient?

drip irrigation

Why did the finch beaks increase in depth?

drought affected food available

how do humans add phosphorus to the environment fertilizer mining clearing and burning all of these

fertilizer, mining, clearing and burning

What contributes to Eutrophication

fertilizers

testing the effect of fire intensity on biodiversity of forest community - independent variable? fire intensity forest community biodiversity water soil

fire intensity

What helps fish move past a dam in a river?

fish ladder

what is an example of the tragedy of the commons

fisheries

From a scientific point of view, which is true? evolution leads to survival of the strongest evolution leads to survival of the most valuable organisms develop traits because they need them fitness is a matter of reproductive success

fitness is a matter of reproductive success

Testing the effect of fire intensity on forest community biodiversity - dependent variable? fire intensity forest community biodiversity water soil

forest community biodiversity

Pollutant found in plywood, furniture, dry cleaning solutions

formaldehyde

The primary use of petroleum products is for

gasoline for transportation of people and goods

A species with a broad niche is a

generalist species

The variety in the genetic makeup of individuals in a population

genetic variability

Iceland makes extensive use of this energy...

geothermal

What is the function of a buffer?

get pH closer to 7

A generalist faces ___ competition for resources and has ___ ability to adapt to env changes

greater, greater

Dams are an example of

habitat alteration

The difference between high grade ore and low grade ore is that high grade ore:

has high concentrations of the desired mineral

Noise pollution can lead to

hearing loss, sleep disturbance, stress

The second stage of the demographic transition is marked by

high birth rates, and declining death rates.

What makes the 6th mass extinciton different than the rest?

humans are present

Thermal inversions occur

in low lying areas like valleys, with no winds, and in cooler weather

Species that provide early warnings of damage to a community or ecosystem

indicator species

What is the phenomena pictured?-2

industrial smog

Which are anthropogenic sources of air pollution? soil erosion, volcanoes, forest fires industry, construction, feedlots industry, transportation, energy production industry, dust storms, agriculture

industry, transportation, energy production

roles of pioneer species include all the following except increase biodiversity form soil increase water and nutrients inhibit the growth of other plants

inhibit the growth of other plants

Biodiversity in an ecosystem includes all of the following except genetic diversity habitat diversity species diversity intellectual diversity

intellectual diversity

Another name for a nonnative species

invasive

The species have no known predators in their new environment and will quickly outcompete native species

invasive species

The dependent variable

is measured as a result of the independent variable

Which factor may affect species richness on islands? island area distance between island and mainland degree of island isolation all of these are correct

island area, the distance between island and mainland, and degree of island isolation

The loss of a ___ can lead to population crashes and extinctions of others that depend on them

keystone species

All of the following are natural source of outdoor air pollution EXCEPT dust storms sea spray forest fires landfills

landfills

Which is a point source of pollution?

leaking oil tanker

A specialist faces ___ competition for resources and has ___ ability to adapt to env changes

less,less

Plants form primary succession, secondary succession, and a climax community in order? grass, moss, oak trees moss, shrubs, poplar trees lichens, shrubs, beech trees shrubs, moss, oak trees

lichens, shrubs, beech trees

The order of grades of coal from lowest energy content to highest energy content is

lignite, bituminous anthracite

What layer of the Earth is the thickest

mantle

Natural gas is mostly

methane

What might cause a population to exceed carrying capacity?

mild winter where food is plentiful

The more diverse an ecosystem is, the _____ it will be. less productive less abundant more productive more even

more productive

Cleanest burning fossil fuel

natural gas

Energy source that provides the greatest amount of electricity in the US due to its abundance

natural gas

The role a species plays in its ecosystem is its

niche

Reddish-brown, smelly gas that contributes to photochemical smog and acid precipitation

nitrogen dioxide

Which of the following is considered an alternative to fossil fuel energy but not a renewable energy source? nuclear solar natural gas geothermal

nuclear

evenness is

number of individuals in each population comparatively

Pioneer species include all the following except oak tree algae lichen fungi

oak tree

A rock that contains large enough concentrations of a mineral to make it profitable to mine is:

ore

Anthropogenic

originating from human activity

Which of the following is not a generalist species? humans cockroaches pandas raccoons

pandas

South-facing windows are an example of

passive solar design

What are common methods of combating overgrazing?

pasture rotation

What is the phenomena pictured?-6

photochemical smog

what converts atmospheric carbon into a form that can be used in terrestrial ecosystems?

plants

What is the formula for population change?

population change = (births + immigration) - (deaths + emigration)

Logistic growth happens because

populations stabilize

Hydrogen fuel cells are most commonly used to

power cars

Terracing, contour planting, strip planting, and wind breaks are all mainly used to

prevent soil erosion

a mermaid that eats algae would be a...

primary consumer

Food, fuel, and fiber would be considered

provisioning service

Which is not a way used to remove coal? strip mining tunnel mining mountaintop removal quarry digging

quarry digging

biome: high biodiversity; high stable temperature; lots of rain

rainforest

the range of conditions, like temperature, salinity, etc. that an organism can endure before injury or death results

range of tolerance

What are the positive and negative consequences of the Green Revolution (respectively)?

reducing world hunger, increasing deforestation

controlling the amount of pollutants in the air, amount of water on land, or the amount of greenhouse gases would be

regulating service

Biodiversity is measured with two of these richness evenness resources diversity of genes

richness and evenness

Which would exhibit primary succession? abandoned farm rock exposed by retreating glacier clear cut forest recently burned forest

rock exposed by retreating glacier

factor that defines aquatic biomes

salanity

This can be added to a soil to increase porosity and water infiltration

sand

a dragon that eats a unicorn that eats magic berries would be a...

secondary consumer

Fossil records are found in

sedimentary rock

when you heat ores to release metals you are

smelting

In a developing nation w/o nation-wide electrical grid: which is an example of leapfrogging? Natural Gas Coal Solar Nuclear

solar

island species are typically

specialists

Loss of habitat leads to loss of _________; then _______. generalists; specialists invasive species; keystone species keystone species; indicator species specialists; generalists

specialists; generalists

Under certain circumstances, natural selection can lead to an entirely new species. This is...

speciation

Biodiversity is determined by the balance between

speciation and extinction

the number of different species found in an ecosystem

species richness

waste rock discarded after mining is known as

spoils

Colorless gas with irritating odor from coal combustion; contributes to acid deposition

sulfur dioxide

Soil formation and photosynthesis are

supporting services

biome: seasonal variation in temperature and rainfall; local biome; source of timber

temperate forest

The disadvantages of using nuclear energy include all of the following EXCEPT radioactive waste disposal the amount of CO2 released by the reactors reactor accidents the possibility of using radioactive fuels in weapons

the amount of CO2 released by the reactors

Eutrophication is:

the enrichment of aquatic systems with nutrients leading to algal growth

acid deposition causes

the release of toxic metals from the soil.

What makes a species commercially extinct?

there are too few of them for harvesting to be profitable

What is the phenomena pictured?-1

thermal inversion

Earthquake epicenters are often at

transform boundaries

The correct sequence of the layers of the atmosphere from innermost to outermost:

troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere

biome: very cold, has little to no rain, & low biodiversity; characterized by permafrost

tundra

What is the phenomena pictured?-4

urban heat island

Photochemical smog is characteristic of urban areas with many vehicles and a climate that is

warm and sunny

These foods provide almost 50% of daily calories consumed by people of the world.

wheat, rice, and corn

Biomagnification is...

when toxin concentrations increases up the food chain

What is water logging?

when water accumulates underground raising the water-table

How much of the United States total energy consumption is provided by renewable energy?

~15%