APES Exam Review
This layer of soil is the least weathered and closest to the parent material
C layer
Which layer of Earth is composed primarily of iron and nickel?
Core
Subsidies...
Encourage waste
What does terrestrial pollution mean?
Land Pollution
Are all bacteria pathogens?
No, most are harmless
What is the basis for dividing the atmosphere into four layers?
Temperature
What is the tragedy of the commons?
destruction of shared resources through self-serving behavior
What type of mining is used when terrain is flat and large earth miners strip away over burden?
strip mining
What has become a consequence in China of the preference for having a male child?
"Bride Shortage" (much less women than men)
SO2 emissions decreased from 200 millions tons to 40 million tons, what is the % change?
- 80%
Which latitudes does the Hadley Cell operate over? 15-45 ° N and S 30-60°N and S 0-30°N and S 5-10°N and S
0-30°N and S
Which statement best explains how energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next? all of the energy at one level transfers to the next. 10% of the energy at one level transfers to the next. 90% of the energy at one level transfers to the next. None of the energy at one level transfers to the next.
10% of the energy at one level transfers to the next.
On the richter scale, an earthquake with a magnitude of 6.0 is how many times greater than a 9.0 earthquake?
1000
How much biomass of phytoplankton would be needed to produce 1 kg of large fish?
1000 kg
A jump from 4 to 6 on the pH scale is _______ times _______. 20; weaker 10; weaker 200; weaker 100; weaker
100; weaker
In what year was the wilderness act passed?
1964
What is approximately the replacement level fertility rate for more developed countries?
2.1
What is approximately replacement level fertility rate for less developed countries?
2.5
perfect soil combination
20% clay, 40% sand, 40% silt
A temp. grassland biome has GPP of 3,480 kcal/m2/yr and NPP of 2,000 kcal/m2 /yr. How much kcal/m2/yr to herbivores?
200 kcal/m2/yr
Concentration of CO2 in 1958 was 310ppm and was 390ppm by 2009. What is the % increase?
25%
Hearing loss occurs at decibel levels over
85
how much energy is NOT passed to the next trophic level?
90%
The picture shows _________, which can lead to a/an ______ of genetic diversity. population migration; increase A Population bottleneck; decrease population bottleneck; increase Population migration; decrease
A Population bottleneck; decrease
What happens when a population exceeds carrying capacity?
A crash
Which situation is an example of biomagnification? A bear eats and stores nutrients as fat A frog is poisoned and dies after nearby use of pesticides A hawk eats a fish that ate small fish that had toxins A caterpillar eats toxins on leaves and can't eliminate them
A hawk eats a fish that ate small fish that had toxins
What is the U.S. baby boom?
A period from 1946-1964 of much higher birthrates
What is a stable population?
A population that fluctuates just above and below capacity
What is an irruptive population?
A population with high peaks followed by big crashes
Which letter represents a carbon sink that holds carbon compounds for the shortest amount of time? A: Vegetation C: Ocean B: Sedimentary Rock D: Burning of fossil fuels
A: Vegetation
What step of the water treatment process adds oxygen to promote the bacterial growth?
Aeration tank
El Nino and La Nina events can have a major impact on all of the following except Hurricane activity Precipitation rates Fishery productivity Albedo
Albedo
PM impacts global temperatures because as soot lands on snow it decreases
Albedo
Alien species are dangerous because:
Alien species have no natural predators
Overuse of fertilizers causes: Eutrophication Hypoxic zones Biodiversity loss All of the above
All of the above: Eutrophication, Hypoxic zones, and Biodiversity loss
What is a common problem with aquaculture? Fish tend to escape There are higher levels of carcinogens in farm-raised fish Water pollution All of the above
All of the above: Fish tend to escape, There are higher levels of carcinogens in farm-raised fish, and pollution
Why can forest fires be beneficial? Minor disturbances increase biodiversity helps to increase nutrient cycling allows conifers and other hard seeds to release & germinate All of the above
All of the above: Minor disturbances increase biodiversity, helps to increase nutrient cycling, and allows conifers and other hard seeds to release & germinate
What is bycatch
All the creatures caught by accident in commercial fishing
Which area of the world has actually seen an extreme DECREASE in temperature?
Antarctica
Which of the following types of organisms are required to complete the nitrogen cycle, incl. denitrification? bacteria producers consumers fungi
Bacteria
Which of the following is NOT a problem associated with GMOs? Unknown health effects Cross pollination between GMOs and nonGMOs May affect persons with allergies Believed to increase risk of cancer
Believed to increase risk of cancer
Genetic variation, ecosystem variation and species variation all are forms of
Biodiversity
Which of the following is not a problem typically associated with the act of grazing cattle? Soil compaction Vegetation loss Biodiversity loss Erosion
Biodiversity loss
The cause of acid precipitation is
Burning of fossil fuels to produce electricity
Which of the following is NOT a type of forest fire? Crown fire Surface fire Bush fire Prescribed fire
Bush fire
Antropogenic compounds that breakdown stratospheric ozone:
CFCs
The Clean Air Act regulates all of the following pollutants except CO2 CO SOx Pb
CO2
Which biogeochemical cycle includes the processes of buffering ocean pH and photosynthesis?
Carbon Cycle
What are the consequences of burning coal Carbon Dioxide emissions Acid Rain Ash containing toxic metals All of the above
Carbon Dioxide emissions, Acid Rain, and Ash containing toxic metals
Which greenhouse gas is the worst (causes the most problems, stays int he atmosphere longest)
Carbon dioxide
What is toxin that causes cancer?
Carcinogen
The rate of reaction can be measured in the dark by determining the amount of oxygen gas consumed in a period of time.
Cellular Respiration
Which is not a way populations are distributed? Random Uniformed Clumped Centralized
Centralized
Microlending is designed to promote all of these EXCEPT Charity with developing nations Small business development Sustainable economic and environmental practices
Charity with developing nations
Where was the most damaging nuclear accident in the world?
Chernobyl, Ukraine
20% sand, 20% silt, and 60% clay
Clay
Most weathered (smallest) particle type?
Clay
What best describes the Superfund Act?
Clean up of contaminated areas
Recycling an aluminum can to make more aluminum cans is considered...
Closed Loop Recycling
Which statement(s) below are correct? Continental crust is less dense than oceanic crust Oceanic crust is less dense than continental crust Both continental crust and oceanic crust have the same density Crust densities are not comparable
Continental crust is less dense than oceanic crust
Earth's plates are in constant motion because
Convection in Earth's mantle causes oceanic plates to spread
Put Earth's layers in order from outermost layer to innermost layer. Crust, Asthenosphere, Lithosphere, Outer Core, Inner Core, Mantle Lithosphere, Crust, Asthenosphere, Mantle, Outer Core, Inner Core Crust, Lithosphere, Asthenosphere, Mantle, Outer Core, Inner Core Asthenosphere, Mantle, Crust, Lithosphere, Outer Core, Inner Core
Crust, Lithosphere, Asthenosphere, Mantle, Outer Core, Inner Core
Which of the boxes represents a carbon source (emits more than it absorbs)? A: Vegetation B: Sedimentary Rock C: Ocean D: Burning of fossil fuels
D: Burning of Fossil Fuels
Why would a loss of insect biodiversity be bad for our planet?
Decline in food crop pollination
What type of conditions are found at 30 degrees North?
Desert, Hot, Dry
Where are a lot of biodiversity hot spots?
Developing nations
Which of the following would be classified as biomass? Dung Wood Charcoal All of these
Dung, Wood, Charcoal
The essentials of human survival come from
Ecosystem services
Pollution that leads to an algae bloom is called...
Eurtrophication
The cost of a good/service not included in the economic price:
Externality
Which of the following is not an example of the tragedy of the commons? Exxon Valdez oil spill depleting the ogallala aquifer commercial extinction of atlantic cod the american dust bowl
Exxon Valdez oil spill
True or False Normal rain fall is slightly basic.
False
True or False: Coal, oil, and natural gas are all renewable sources.
False
True or False: Renewable Energy sources produce most of the electricity utilized by the United States.
False
Habitat loss impacts generalist species more than specialist species: True; generalist species have higher pop. sizes so they suffer more loss True; generalists have more specific habitat needs and are less tolerant False; generalists have fewer habitat needs & are more tolerant of change False; habitat loss impacts generalists and specialists the same
False; generalists have fewer habitat needs & are more tolerant of change
What are the effects of eutrophication?
Fish can die, Oxygen levels in water will go down, Algae will grow in abundance and block out the sun for other water plants
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of no till farming? Increased water inflitration Decreased erosion Improved nutrient cycling Greater pest resistance among crops
Greater pest resistance among crops
The total rate of photosynthesis in a given area
Gross Primary Productivity
Which of the following species of fish are not considered to be "over fished"? Halibut Blue fin tuna Atlantic cod Grouper
Grouper
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of organic farming? Organic fertilizer Managing pests with natural predators Growing GMOs Crop rotation
Growing GMOs
Which of the following links a negative health effect to an man-made source of PM? High rates of respiratory disease from power plant emissions High rates of skin cancer in urban areas with sewage plants High rates of asthma from salt spray in coastal communities High rates of obesity from exposure to waste from livestock
High rates of respiratory disease from power plant emissions
According to bioaccumulation, which type of fish would have the most toxins?
High up the food chain
______ Richness and _______ Evenness will lead to ________ Biodiversity High, Low, High Low, Low, High Low, High, High High, High, High
High, High, High
Which type of economic asset includes human knowledge and abilities?
Human capital
Which is not one of the four main soil components? Air pockets Organic remains Mineral particles Humus
Humus
Most K species have what type of survivorship curve? I III II
I
Which uses steam to turn turbines? I. Nuclear II. Hydroelectric III. Coal-fired power plant II only I and II I and III I, II, and III
I and III
Types of spending that increase GDP include the following except: Consumer spending Exports Imports Government spending
Imports
Major source of increasing greenhouse gases
Increase global population/increase in affluence
Which of the following is NOT a principle of Integrated Pest Management? Using natural predators Using pheremones Introducing new predators to the environment Planting herbs the deter insects
Introducing new predators to the environment
What qualifies a forest as an old growth forest?
It hasn't been disturbed for hundred of years
Why is infant mortality rate a good measure of quality of life?
It reflects levels of nutrition and healthcare
Which trophic level has the least available energy in kilojoules in this food web? Phytoplankton Herbivorous zooplankton Baleen whale Killer Whale
Killer Whale
An attempt at global collaboration to lower production/emissions of CO2
Kyoto Protocol
What is demographic momentum?
Large amounts of young people will have a lot of kids
what is a characteristic of a generalist
Large/wide niche
Neurotoxin once found in gasoline, pipes, paint that bioaccumulates
Lead
Which type of economic asset includes all goods and services that humans produce?
Manufactured capital
When the economic system does not account for all costs it is called
Market failure
Agreement to lower CFC production/emission
Montreal Protocol
What type of soil would be best for a man-made pond, where the goal is to have as little leakage of water as possible?
Mostly Clay
which is equation is correct GPP = NPP - R NPP = GPP - R R = GPP - NPP NPP = GPP + R
NPP = GPP - R
Which of the following energy sources is incorrectly matched with its main use? Nuclear: generate electricity Coal: generate electricity Natural gas: transportation Crude oil: transportation
Natural gas: transportation
Energy available to consumers; calc. by subtracting energy used by plants from total energy transformed by photosynthesis
Net Primary Productivity
Which country has a rapidly expanding age structure? Nigeria China Bulgaria Russia
Nigeria
Although it is not found in a form usable for producers, __________ gas accounts for 78% of our atmosphere
Nitrogen
Which is NOT a greenhouse gas: CO2 O3 N2 CH4
Nitrogen (N2)
Which of the following air pollutants is correctly paired with one of its major effects? Particulates... photochemical smog Nitrogen oxides... acid deposition Lead... lung cancer VOCs... industrial smog
Nitrogen oxides... acid deposition
Which agreement increases economic development but sacrificed well-being and env health?
North American Free Trade Agreement
Which is the correct order of soil horizons starting at the surface? O, A, E, B, C O, E, A, B, C O, A, B, C, E A, B, C, E, O
O, A, E, B, C
which of the following is NOT a reservoir for nitrogen? plants atmosphere animals ocean
Ocean
Selective cutting differs from clear-cutting in that selective cutting: Increases surface runoff and erosion Takes out all the trees Reduces the risk of forest fires Only removes a few trees
Only removes a few trees
Which of the following is true of forest fires? They improve nutrient cycling They should be prevented at all costs Crown fires can helps to prevent worse fires in the future Only you can prevent them
Only you can prevent them
Recycling newspapers to create paper straws is considered...
Open Loop Recycling
What kind of mining involves digging massive holes to extract ore?
Open pit mining
Climate change will have a bigger impact on:
Organisms in extreme environments
Pollutant at ground level and protect from UV radiation in the stratosphere
Ozone
What device converts sunlight into electricity?
PV Cell
Which is NOT a component of r-selected strategists. Large amounts of offspring per litter. Quickly reaches maturity. Parent takes care of offspring for long lengths of time. Has offspring litters often.
Parent takes care of offspring for long lengths of time.
Major pollutant that electrostatic precipitators are designed to remove
Particulates
Solid or liquid particles small enough to be suspended in the atmosphere
Particulates
Which North American species was driven to extinction due to overharvesting?
Passenger Pigeon
What is the pesticide treadmill?
Pest evolve resistance to pesticides making them obsolete
The diagram below best illustrates major processes in which of the following biogeochemical cycles? Carbon Nitrogen Phosphorus Water
Phosphorus
Contour farming is best described as...
Planting crops in strips following the slope of the earth
A factory releases pollutants into a river, this is ______ water pollution
Point Source
What happens in the postindustrial stage of demographic transition?
Population decreases
Which is a reason populations will form in clumps? Populations tend to clump where resources are. Resources are easily found by individuals. To be better prey for predators. Camaraderie
Populations tend to clump where resources are.
Higher temperatures lead to an increase in decomposer populations
Positive Feedback Loop
Which of the following best describes the flow of energy in most terrestrial and near-surface marine ecosystems? Decomposers release energy and nutrients for plants Chemoautotrophs make org. cmpds for consumers Apex predators release heat for use by producers Producers use solar energy to make organic matter
Producers use solar energy to make organic matter
Colorless, odorless, radioactive gas from rock
Radon
The angular tilt of Earth on its axis as it rotates around the Sun is the primary cause of each of the following except Seasons Coriolis Effect Rain Shadow Effect Insolation
Rain Shadow Effect
What is aquaculture?
Rearing fish and marine plants for human consumption
Carbon sequestration
Remove already-emitted greenhouse gas
Which law gives the EPA authority to control hazardous waste from cradle to grave ?
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
Which of the following is a consequence of indoor air pollution? Reduced risk of asthma Decreased risk of lung cancer The development of skin cancer Respiratory diseases leading to premature death
Respiratory diseases leading to premature death
Which of the following is NOT formed through the process of Subduction? Island arcs Trenches Mountains Ridges
Ridges
Burning coal releases
SO2, Hg, and CO
Which of the following does not drive ocean currents? Salinity Prevailing winds Temperature Gravity
Salanity
The buildup of salts in soil is called
Salinization
biome: warm with slight seasonal variation in temperature; monsoon season; few trees, grasses
Savannah
Limestone is what type of rock?
Sedimentary
Which of the following statements about soil is NOT correct? Soil is fairly static and does not change Soil is the medium for plant growth Soil is a primary filter of water A wide variety of organisms live in soil
Soil is fairly static and does not change
Which direction would you want your house to face to maximize sunlight for PV cells?
South
Where in the United States could you power the whole country through solar power?
Southwest
Using resources to meet the needs of current and future populations
Sustainability
What is toxin that affects an unborn baby?
Teratogen
The majority of the nitrogen on Earth can be found in which of the following reservoirs? Terrestrial Plants Soil Bacteria The Atmosphere Sedimentary Rock
The Atmosphere
What is total fertility rate?
The average number of children a woman has in her life
What is replacement-level fertility rate?
The average number of children needed to replace the parents
What is environmental resistance
The combination of all limiting factors
The intersection point on a supply and demand curve indicates:
The market equilibrium
A survivorship curve describes
The number of a cohort alive at a given age
What is population density?
The number of individuals in a population in a specific area
What is nuclear fission
The splitting of an atomic nucleus into 2 smaller fragments
The IUCN labels species at high risk of extinction:
Threatened
Which of the following sources of renewable energy is limited to those living near the shore? Wind power Solar power Tidal power Geothermal power
Tidal power
Which best describes an age structure diagram of a shrinking population. Bottom heavy Top heavy Uniform Left heavy
Top heavy
What is bioaccumulation?
Toxins building up in a organism.
Characterize the following by plate boundary: Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Himalayas, San Andreas Fault. Convergent; divergent; transform Divergent; transform; convergent Divergent; convergent; transform Transform; convergent; divergent
Transform; convergent; divergent
True or False Ecosystems that have a larger number of species are more likely to recover from disruptions.
True
True or False Biomagnification begins with the bioaccumulation of pollutants in cells
True
True or False Ethanol and biodiesel are made from plants and produce less air pollution than fossil fuels.
True
True or False If two species use the same resources, they can alter their niche to reduce competition.
True
True or False The sources for NOx and SOx that contribute to acid rain are coal power plants and vehicles.
True
True or False: law of conservation of matter = matter cannot be created or destroyed, just cycled
True
True or false- The more genetically diverse a population is, the better it can respond to environmental stressors.
True
Which of the following demonstrates how electricity is produced? Turbine, Generator, and then Electricity Generator, Turbine, and then Electricity Electricity, generator, and then Turbine Turbine, Electricity, and then Generator
Turbine, Generator, and then Electricity
Equal mortality for all ages. Which survivorship curve ?
Type 2
Which US agency protects endangered species?
US Fish and Wildlife
Which developed country has not ratified the Kyoto Protocol?
USA
What is composting
Using bacteria to recycle nutrients in food and crop residue
What is the Green Revolution?
Using industrial farming processes to feed the earth's population
What is high input agriculture
Using lots of money, machinery, fuel, and chemicals
photochemical smog equation
VOCs + NO2+ Heat + Sunlight --> Ground ozone + photochemical oxidants + aldehydes
Golden Rice is a GMO used to prevent _____ deficiency.
Vitamin A
Which of the following is an example of a Durable Consumer Waste product? Food Packaging Yard Clippings Washing Machine
Washing Machine
Which greenhouse gas is the least impacted by human activity?
Water Vapor
What is desertification?
When dry areas become increasingly arid and lose vegitation
Which of these fight off pathogens White Blood Cells Red Blood Cells T cells Lymph nodes
White Blood Cells
What do the control rods in a nuclear reactor do?
absorb neutrons
What is the phenomena pictured?-5
acid deposition
Soil formation in primary succession is encouraged by all the following except physical weathering release of nutrients from rocks the arrival of pioneer species acid rain
acid rain
What is food insecurity Living with chronic hunger and malnutrition eating food that's either non-nutritional or unsafe not knowing where your next meal is coming from all of the above
all of the above: Living with chronic hunger and malnutrition, eating food that's either non-nutritional or unsafe, and not knowing where your next meal is coming from
Logistic population growth can be described as growth when resources are limited an s-shaped curve reaching a carrying capacity all of the above
all of the above: growth when resources are limited, an s-shaped curve, reaching a carrying capacity
On islands, species richness increases with ___ and decreases with ___.
area, isolation
Microscopic fibers emitted from old insulation and brake pads that can cause lung disease
asbestos
The Hawaiian Islands were formed
at a hot spot
which of the following is NOT a reservoir for carbon? atmosphere coal trees fossil fuels
atmosphere
pathogens include _____
bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protists
DDT can cause bioaccumulation and
biomagnification.
biome: cold; seasonal variation in temperature; some rain in summer; northern Canada
boreal forest
Colorless, odorless gas as a result of fossil fuel combustion and deforestation
carbon dioxide
Burning fossil fuels, biomass and biofuels produces
carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter
Colorless, odorless gas from incomplete combustion; keeps hemoglobin from binding w/ O2
carbon monoxide
Catalytic converters reduce
carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides
The word anthropogenic refers to
caused by humans
Tectonic plates drifting can influence evolution by
changing the climate of different continents
When the environment changes, a species will respond in all the following ways except changing behavior migrating or moving going extinct changing their physical traits
changing their physical traits
Which step of wastewater treatment kills bacteria and pathogens?
chlorination
What is slash and burn agriculture?
clearing a burning tropical forests to plant crops
What resource is primarily sought after using mountain top removal?
coal
factors that define terrestrial ecosystems common plants precipitation temperature all of these
common plants, precipitation, and temperature
Petroleum is also known as
crude oil
clearing land of trees results in all of the following EXCEPT decreased infiltration increased erosion decreased runoff decreased evapotranspiration
decreased runoff
The time it takes to use up (80%) reserves of a mineral at a given rate of use is:
depletion time
What is a density-dependent factor?
disease
What irrigation method is most efficient?
drip irrigation
Why did the finch beaks increase in depth?
drought affected food available
how do humans add phosphorus to the environment fertilizer mining clearing and burning all of these
fertilizer, mining, clearing and burning
What contributes to Eutrophication
fertilizers
testing the effect of fire intensity on biodiversity of forest community - independent variable? fire intensity forest community biodiversity water soil
fire intensity
What helps fish move past a dam in a river?
fish ladder
what is an example of the tragedy of the commons
fisheries
From a scientific point of view, which is true? evolution leads to survival of the strongest evolution leads to survival of the most valuable organisms develop traits because they need them fitness is a matter of reproductive success
fitness is a matter of reproductive success
Testing the effect of fire intensity on forest community biodiversity - dependent variable? fire intensity forest community biodiversity water soil
forest community biodiversity
Pollutant found in plywood, furniture, dry cleaning solutions
formaldehyde
The primary use of petroleum products is for
gasoline for transportation of people and goods
A species with a broad niche is a
generalist species
The variety in the genetic makeup of individuals in a population
genetic variability
Iceland makes extensive use of this energy...
geothermal
What is the function of a buffer?
get pH closer to 7
A generalist faces ___ competition for resources and has ___ ability to adapt to env changes
greater, greater
Dams are an example of
habitat alteration
The difference between high grade ore and low grade ore is that high grade ore:
has high concentrations of the desired mineral
Noise pollution can lead to
hearing loss, sleep disturbance, stress
The second stage of the demographic transition is marked by
high birth rates, and declining death rates.
What makes the 6th mass extinciton different than the rest?
humans are present
Thermal inversions occur
in low lying areas like valleys, with no winds, and in cooler weather
Species that provide early warnings of damage to a community or ecosystem
indicator species
What is the phenomena pictured?-2
industrial smog
Which are anthropogenic sources of air pollution? soil erosion, volcanoes, forest fires industry, construction, feedlots industry, transportation, energy production industry, dust storms, agriculture
industry, transportation, energy production
roles of pioneer species include all the following except increase biodiversity form soil increase water and nutrients inhibit the growth of other plants
inhibit the growth of other plants
Biodiversity in an ecosystem includes all of the following except genetic diversity habitat diversity species diversity intellectual diversity
intellectual diversity
Another name for a nonnative species
invasive
The species have no known predators in their new environment and will quickly outcompete native species
invasive species
The dependent variable
is measured as a result of the independent variable
Which factor may affect species richness on islands? island area distance between island and mainland degree of island isolation all of these are correct
island area, the distance between island and mainland, and degree of island isolation
The loss of a ___ can lead to population crashes and extinctions of others that depend on them
keystone species
All of the following are natural source of outdoor air pollution EXCEPT dust storms sea spray forest fires landfills
landfills
Which is a point source of pollution?
leaking oil tanker
A specialist faces ___ competition for resources and has ___ ability to adapt to env changes
less,less
Plants form primary succession, secondary succession, and a climax community in order? grass, moss, oak trees moss, shrubs, poplar trees lichens, shrubs, beech trees shrubs, moss, oak trees
lichens, shrubs, beech trees
The order of grades of coal from lowest energy content to highest energy content is
lignite, bituminous anthracite
What layer of the Earth is the thickest
mantle
Natural gas is mostly
methane
What might cause a population to exceed carrying capacity?
mild winter where food is plentiful
The more diverse an ecosystem is, the _____ it will be. less productive less abundant more productive more even
more productive
Cleanest burning fossil fuel
natural gas
Energy source that provides the greatest amount of electricity in the US due to its abundance
natural gas
The role a species plays in its ecosystem is its
niche
Reddish-brown, smelly gas that contributes to photochemical smog and acid precipitation
nitrogen dioxide
Which of the following is considered an alternative to fossil fuel energy but not a renewable energy source? nuclear solar natural gas geothermal
nuclear
evenness is
number of individuals in each population comparatively
Pioneer species include all the following except oak tree algae lichen fungi
oak tree
A rock that contains large enough concentrations of a mineral to make it profitable to mine is:
ore
Anthropogenic
originating from human activity
Which of the following is not a generalist species? humans cockroaches pandas raccoons
pandas
South-facing windows are an example of
passive solar design
What are common methods of combating overgrazing?
pasture rotation
What is the phenomena pictured?-6
photochemical smog
what converts atmospheric carbon into a form that can be used in terrestrial ecosystems?
plants
What is the formula for population change?
population change = (births + immigration) - (deaths + emigration)
Logistic growth happens because
populations stabilize
Hydrogen fuel cells are most commonly used to
power cars
Terracing, contour planting, strip planting, and wind breaks are all mainly used to
prevent soil erosion
a mermaid that eats algae would be a...
primary consumer
Food, fuel, and fiber would be considered
provisioning service
Which is not a way used to remove coal? strip mining tunnel mining mountaintop removal quarry digging
quarry digging
biome: high biodiversity; high stable temperature; lots of rain
rainforest
the range of conditions, like temperature, salinity, etc. that an organism can endure before injury or death results
range of tolerance
What are the positive and negative consequences of the Green Revolution (respectively)?
reducing world hunger, increasing deforestation
controlling the amount of pollutants in the air, amount of water on land, or the amount of greenhouse gases would be
regulating service
Biodiversity is measured with two of these richness evenness resources diversity of genes
richness and evenness
Which would exhibit primary succession? abandoned farm rock exposed by retreating glacier clear cut forest recently burned forest
rock exposed by retreating glacier
factor that defines aquatic biomes
salanity
This can be added to a soil to increase porosity and water infiltration
sand
a dragon that eats a unicorn that eats magic berries would be a...
secondary consumer
Fossil records are found in
sedimentary rock
when you heat ores to release metals you are
smelting
In a developing nation w/o nation-wide electrical grid: which is an example of leapfrogging? Natural Gas Coal Solar Nuclear
solar
island species are typically
specialists
Loss of habitat leads to loss of _________; then _______. generalists; specialists invasive species; keystone species keystone species; indicator species specialists; generalists
specialists; generalists
Under certain circumstances, natural selection can lead to an entirely new species. This is...
speciation
Biodiversity is determined by the balance between
speciation and extinction
the number of different species found in an ecosystem
species richness
waste rock discarded after mining is known as
spoils
Colorless gas with irritating odor from coal combustion; contributes to acid deposition
sulfur dioxide
Soil formation and photosynthesis are
supporting services
biome: seasonal variation in temperature and rainfall; local biome; source of timber
temperate forest
The disadvantages of using nuclear energy include all of the following EXCEPT radioactive waste disposal the amount of CO2 released by the reactors reactor accidents the possibility of using radioactive fuels in weapons
the amount of CO2 released by the reactors
Eutrophication is:
the enrichment of aquatic systems with nutrients leading to algal growth
acid deposition causes
the release of toxic metals from the soil.
What makes a species commercially extinct?
there are too few of them for harvesting to be profitable
What is the phenomena pictured?-1
thermal inversion
Earthquake epicenters are often at
transform boundaries
The correct sequence of the layers of the atmosphere from innermost to outermost:
troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere
biome: very cold, has little to no rain, & low biodiversity; characterized by permafrost
tundra
What is the phenomena pictured?-4
urban heat island
Photochemical smog is characteristic of urban areas with many vehicles and a climate that is
warm and sunny
These foods provide almost 50% of daily calories consumed by people of the world.
wheat, rice, and corn
Biomagnification is...
when toxin concentrations increases up the food chain
What is water logging?
when water accumulates underground raising the water-table
How much of the United States total energy consumption is provided by renewable energy?
~15%