ENE Exam 2 Questions

foliation

A metamorphic rock with minerals aligned in a preferred orientation or has alternating dark-colored and light-colored layers is said to have _____

bed

A sedimentary structure that is a single layer of sediment or sedimentary rock with a recognizable top and bottom is called a ______

D. stick-slip behavior.

After an earthquake, friction prevents the fault from slipping until stress again builds up sufficiently enough to rupture. This alternation between stress buildup and fault rupture is referred to as A. the earthquake cycle. B. recurring earthquakes. C. elastic rebound. D. stick-slip behavior.

D. organic material/compounds of dead organisms

Biochemical sedimentary rocks are composed of the shells of dead organisms, but organic sedimentary rocks are composed of __________ A. living organisms B. tracks and burrows of dead organisms C. bones of dead organisms D. organic material/ compounds of dead organisms

(A)underwent shear and (D) contains inequaant grains

Chose one or more of the following that describe the rock in this diagram A. underwent shear B. underwent extension C. contains equant grains D. contains inequant grains

cover; basement

Cover vs. basement: Layers of sedimentary rocks, called beds, form a ______ that buries the underlying _____ of igneous and/or metamorphic rock.

No, because neocrystallization produces new mineral assemblages that are stable at higher temperatures and pressures.

Does a low-grade metamorphic rock have all the same minerals as a high-grade rock if they both form from the same protolith?

Slip provides earthquake energy

Does stick or slip yield earthquake energy?

Magnesioum

Dolostone is composed of the mineral dolomite, which is similar to calcite in limestone, except that dolomite contains ______

brittle; plastic

During ____ deformation rocks visibly break, whereas during _____ deformation they change shape without breaking.

(C) inland

During a transgression of the sea, does the location at which beach sand accumulates move inland, move seaward, or remain stationary? A. seaward B. The location does not change. C. inland

Deformed rocks are bent, broken, or flowed in response to stress, whereas undeformed rocks are unaltered.

Explain the difference between deformed and undeformed rock.

(A)adding bracing, (B) creating bolt bridges and buildings, (D) adding crossbeams, and (E) jacketing support columns

How can the likelihood that a building collapses during an earthquake be decreased? Chose one or more A.adding bracing B.creating bolt bridges and buildings C.building with bricks D.adding crossbeams E.jacketing support columns F.creating rigid—not flexible—buildings

(B) the back and forth motion of waves shaping the loose sediment

How did the structure in this photo form? A. the movement of water in one direction over the loose sediment B. the back and forth motion of waves shaping the loose sediment C. the deposition of grains based on their mineralogy D. the deposition of sediment grains based on their size

They form as ions (minerals) precipitate out of an evaporating solution

How do evaporites form?

In recrystallization, the shape and size of grains change without changing the identity of the mineral. In a pressure solution, wet rock is squeezed and mineral grain edges dissolve, allowing ions to migrate and precipitate elsewhere

How do metamorphic changes that take place due to recrystallization differ from those that happen due to pressure solution?

A pen attached to a frame records ground motion as the seismograph moves up and down on a revolving drum covered with paper.

How does a mechanical seismograph detect and record an earthquake?

Storm waves are higher and more visible in deep water than tsunamis are.

How does a tsunami differ from a storm wave?

Upon ground shaking, wet sediment begins to settle but water fills the pores, pushing the sediment out and weakening and collapsing the surface.

How does liquefaction cause collapse of the ground surface?

Ground motion of an Mw 8 is approximately 1,000 times greater than that of an Mw 5.

How does the ground motion during an Mw 8 earthquake compare to an Mw 5 earthquake?

picture B is sandstone picture C is shale

Identify the following types of sedimentary rock A. sandstone B. shale C. conglomerate D. limestone

blue is the water grey is the grains yellow is the cement

Identify the grains, water and cement

From left to right: P-waves, S-waves, and surface waves

Identify the seismic waves on the seismogram

Wadati-Benioff zone

In the diagram depicting a subducted plate, what is the band of intermediate and deep earthquakes called?

Shortening

In the same diagram below, does the displacement on the fault result in crustal shortening or crustal extension?

B, C, and D

In what geologic settings do mountain ranges form? Choose one or more A. hot spots like the Hawaiian Islands B. subduction zones like the Andes Mountains C. rift-related settings like in Nevada D. continental collisions like the Himalayas E. along transform boundaries like the San Andreas fault

(from left to right) A, B, E, C, D

Label each clastic sedimentary rock into the correct environment of deposition. A. conglomerate B. breccia C. arkose D. sandstone E. shale

(from left to right) (D) calcite sand, (A) lagoon, (C) reef, (B) reef face

Label each sediment type or environment to the correct location on the diagram A. lagoon B. reef face C. reef D. calcite sand

From left to right A, F, B, C, E, D

Label the depositional environments on this diagram. A. glacial B. lacustrine (lake) C. fluvial (river) D. desert E. delta F. continental shelf

(from left to right) (A) mostly gravel, (B) sand and gravel, (C the deepest circle on the diagram) silt and clay, and (D) open water

Label the diagram to indicate the appropriate clast sizes at each location A. mostly gravel B. sand and gravel C. silt and clay D. open water

A, B, C, D (labeled from left to right)

Label the different types of sedimentary basins on the diagram A. foreland basin B. rift basin C. intracontinental basin D. passive-margin basin

From left to right: A, B, C

Label the features of the fold in the diagram A. limb B. axial plane C. hinge

From left to right: D, C, A, B

Label the geologic settings. A. intraplate settings B. collisional mountain belts C. active rifts D. continental transform faults

(from left to right) (B) subrounded, (A) rounded, and (C) angular

Label the graph describing grain shape with the appropriate specimen A. rounded B. subrounded C. angular

From left to right: hanging wall, footwall

Label the hanging wall and foot wall

C, D, A(the one on the surface), and B

Label the parts of an earthquake A. epicenter B. hypocenter C. fault trace D. fault plane

From left to right: A, C, E, B, D

Label the parts of the seismograph A. rotating cylinder B. spring C. pen D. weight E. motion detector

(from left to right) (B) sedimentary, (A) igneous

Label the photos below based on what rock type they show. A. igneous B. sedimentary C. metamorphic

From left to right: A, C, B, E, D

Label the rock units and the contacts shown in the photo. A. granite B. basalt dike C. conglomerate D. unconformity E. intrusive contact

From left to right: B, C, A

Label the types of folds A. monocline B. syncline C. anticline

(B) phase change, (A) metamorphism

Match the following terms into this sentence: _____ transforms one mineral into another mineral with the same composition but a different crystal structure, whereas ____ results in the growth of new minerals that differ from those of the protolith. A. Metamorphism B. Phase change

The sandstone is made up only of quartz (silicon and oxygen), and there are no other combinations these elements can be arranged into except polymorphs.

Metamorphism can transform a shale composed of clay (Diagram A) into a metamorphic rock containing many different minerals (Diagram B). The metamorphism of a pure quartz sandstone, however, yields a metamorphic rock containing only quartz. Why?

The top left

On the diagram below, label where thermal metamorphism takes place.

The one closest to the mountains

On the diagram of a continent-continent collision below, label the location where intermediate- to high-grade dynamothermal metamorphism occurs.

B. the age of meteorites derived from

On what basis do geologists estimate the age of the Earth? A. the age of the oldest rocks on Earth B. the age of meteorites derived from differentiated planetesimals C. the age of the oldest mineral grains on Earth D. the age of the Moon

(Oldest): 5 the granite crystallized, 4 the basalt dike intruded, 3 erosion, 2 the conglomerate was deposited, 1 the sandstone was deposited: (youngest)

Put the following events in order from oldest to youngest. - the sandstone was deposited - erosion(unconformity) - the granite crystallized - the basalt dike intruded

weathering, erosion, transportation, deposition, lithification

Rank the following steps describing how a clastic sedimentary rock forms from its pre-existing parent rock (order from first to last) erosion deposition lithification weathering transportation

A.Marble is a uniform mass of interlocking calcite crystals. C.As limestone metamorphoses into marble, fossils, pore space, and cement disappears. E.Limestone is the protolith of marble.

Select all the correct statements about limestone and marble. A.Marble is a uniform mass of interlocking calcite crystals. B.As limestone metamorphoses, calcite turns into quartz—the primary mineral in marble. C.As limestone metamorphoses into marble, fossils, pore space, and cement disappears. D.Fossils grow large as limestone metamorphoses into marble. E.Limestone is the protolith of marble.

conglomerate/breccia, sandstone, siltsone, shale/mudstone

Sort the following types of clastic sedimentary rock in order from coarsest to finest sandstone conglomerate/breccia shale/mudstone siltsone

No, because sediment is initially deposited in horizontal layers.

The bedding in the photo below is almost vertical. Could bedding have formed in this orientation?

From left to right: C, A, B

The diagram below shows annotations on the sketch. Identify the features of this rock. A. bedding B. axial plane C. cleavage planes

(A) Caves

The features shown in this image are found in ______. A. caves B. hot springs C. swamps D. glacial lakes E. fast-moving rivers

(D) left to right

The image shows cross beds in the Navajo sandstone in Zion National Park. Note the person for scale near the bottom right corner of the image. Which of the following best describes the direction that the wind was blowing when these cross beds were formed? A. right to left B. into the image (away from you) C. out of the image (toward you) D. left to right

(B) moderately sorted, (A) well sorted, (C) poorly sorted

The image shows photographs of sandstones taken with a petrographic microscope (a special type of microscope used by geologists). Match the description of sorting with the appropriate specimen. A. well sorted B. moderately sorted C. poorly sorted

(C) horizontal

The overall division of sediment into a sequence of beds is called bedding. In the photo below, what is the orientation of the bedding? A. diagonal B. vertical C. horizontal

Line B

The photo below shows a stream cut with sedimentary cover and basement rock. Which line represents the boundary between the cover and basement? Line A Line B Line C

C. Fossiliferous limestone

The photos below are an outcrop of a biochemical sedimentary rock and a close-up of it. Which type of biochemical sedimentary rock is this? A. Micrite B. Chalk C. Fossiliferous limestone D. Shale

(A) metasomatism

The process by which hydrothermal fluids chemically alter a rock is called __________. A. metasomatism B. recrystallization C. neocrystallization D. pressure solution

deformed

The rock shown in the image below is an example of _____ rock.

(B) chert

The steep layers of rock in the photo below are harder than a steel knife and contain very tiny plankton fossils. What rock is this? A. coal B. chert C. sandstone D. conglomerate E. limestone

(B) grain size

This photomicrograph shows a bedding plane (yellow line) in a layer of sandstone. The blue areas are dyed epoxy (used to attach the rock to the microscope slide) that has filled in the pore space in the rock. The bedding in this specimen is primarily defined by a change in which of the following? A. mineralogy B. grain size C. color D. type of cement

True

True or false? Biochemical rocks form from the shells of dead marine organisms

(A) The wind was blowing from left to right

Use the shape of this dune to select the statement that most accurately describes the wind direction in the image. A. The wind was blowing from left to right. B. The wind direction cannot be determined. C. The wind was blowing from right to left.

(C) Kyanite

Using the phase diagram above, which version of this aluminum silicate mineral would be stable at a depth of 30 km and a temperature of 500°C? A. andalusite B. sillimanite C. kyanite

Different MMI values

What do the contours on the map represent?

epicenters

What do the dots on the map represent?

An earthquake has occurred.

What does an alert from an earthquake early warning system mean?

describes a fold where the hinge is not horizontal

What does the term plunging mean?

A.deformation rate, B. composition, D. pressure, and E. temperature

What factors determine which type of deformation takes place? Choose one or more A.deformation rate B.composition C.weather D.pressure E.temperature

layering or alignment of mineral grains

What features in a rock can define planes of foliation?

Joints

What geological feature is shown in this photo?

The intensity of metamorphism

What is meant by the term metamorphic grade?

A conglomerate has rounded grains whereas a breccia is well sorted

What is the difference between a conglomerate and a breccia?

Replacement chert forms as silica replaces other minerals in a rock and biochemical chert forms from the accumulation of silica shells from plankton.

What is the difference between replacement chert and biochemical chert?

about 1,000,000 times more energy

What is the difference in energy release between an Mw 8 and Mw 4 earthquake?

250°C

What is the minimum temperature at which metamorphism can occur?

The faster a fluid flows, the larger the clasts it can carry

What is the relationship between the velocity of a fluid and the size of the sediment that the fluid carries?

(B) human perception, and (C) buildings damage

What observations are used to determine the Modified Mercali intensity of an earthquake? Chose one or more A.amplitude of the seismic waves B.human perception C.building damages D.P - S interval

B, C, and D

What other processes that create rocks are often associated with mountain building? Choose one or more A.precipitation of carbonate material by organisms B.the formation of plutons and batholiths from partial melting or intense heat C.weathering and erosion of large quantities of sediment that get deposited near the mountain front D.contact and regional metamorphism of existing rocks

A.an underground nuclear test, C.fault activity, D.magma movement, and F.meteor impact

What phenomena can cause earthquakes? Chose one or more A.an underground nuclear test B.tsunami C.fault activity D.magma movement E.hurricane F.meteor impact

(B) symmetric ripple marks

What sedimentary structure is shown in this photo? A. graded bedding B. symmetric ripple marks C. cross bedding D. asymmetric ripple marks

dome

What structure is shown in the diagram?

Ice, water, and wind

What transporting media can move sediment?

Right lateral strike slip

What type of plate motion does the San Andreas fault accommodate?

A. surface waves, specifically L waves

What type of waves is depicted in the image? A. surface waves, specifically L waves B. surface waves, specifically R waves C. body waves, specifically S waves D. body waves, specifically P waves

It forms as ions precipitate out of the water in the pore spaces between grains

Where does the material in cement come from?

Slip lineations

Which faulting feature is shown in the photo below?

Line D

Which line on the annotated photo below represents the strike-slip fault?

(A) near hot springs (C) in caves

Which of the following are geologic settings where travertine can form? (chose one or more) A.near hot springs B.in fast-moving rivers C.in caves D.in swamps E.in glacial lakes

B. vertical jolt lifting then slamming the bridge down

Which of the following can cause bridge supports to crush, as shown in the diagram? A. strike-slip motion B. vertical jolt lifting then slamming the bridge down C. landslide D. a horizontal jolt and subsequent offset

(E) slate

Which of the following foliated metamorphic rocks has the smallest grain size? A. metaconglomerate B. phyllite C. schist D. gneiss E. slate F. migmatite

C.Rocks break and return to the original unbent position, D.Stress builds, and E.Rock adjacent to the fault develops elastic strain.

Which of the following is characteristic of the elastic-rebound theory? Chose one or more A.Fluid pressure builds in the rock. B.Rocks bend but do not break and then rebound to the original position. C.Rocks break and return to the original unbent position. D.Stress builds. E.Rock adjacent to the fault develops elastic strain.

(B)The unconformity formed because the land surface was exposed and eroded, (C) Sea level was highest when the shale was deposited, and (E) The black shale was deposited in the deepest water.

Which of the following statements accurately describe the events recorded by these rocks? (choose one or more) A. Sea level was lowest when the quartz sandstone was deposited. B. The unconformity formed because the land surface was exposed and eroded. C. Sea level was highest when the shale was deposited. D. Sea level was highest when the coal was deposited. E. The black shale was deposited in the deepest water. F. The limestone was deposited in the deepest water.

(top) quartzite (bottom) quartz sandstone

Which represents a quartz sandstone, and which represents quartzite?

Compaction and Cementation

Which two (2) of the following processes take place during lithification? A. metamorphism B. compaction C. sedimentation D. solidification E. cementation

coal (b) and oil shale (d)

Which two of the following rocks are organic sedimentary rocks? A. siltstone B. coal C. fossiliferous limestone D. oil shale E. chalk

Normal-fault system

Which type of fault system does the diagram show?

(A) preferred orientation

Which type of foliation is shown in the photomicrograph below? A. preferred orientation B. alternating light- and dark-colored layers

because each wave travels at a different speed, with P-waves being the fastest

Why do different waves arrive at different times?

Heat causes atoms in minerals to vibrate rapidly, causing chemical bonds to break and form new ones with other atoms.

Why does the addition of heat cause metamorphic reactions to take place?