Chapter 23 Hist

what are ideological conflicts separating the United states and soviet union----the 'path' to the COLD WAR (how did we end up with a cold war following WWII?)

COLD WAR: term for tensions, between the soviet union and the US the two major world powers after WWII *united states emerged from WWII as by far the world's greatest power. The US accounted for half the world's manufacturing capacity. The only power that in any way could rival the United States was the Soviet Union, who's armies now occupied most of eastern Europe, including the eastern part of Germany.

Contentment**

Contentment is a mental or emotional state of satisfaction drawn from being at ease in one's situation, body and mind. Colloquially speaking, contentment is a state of having accepted one's situation and is a form of happiness. Michael C. Graham writes extensively about contentment as a form of happiness

Joseph McCarthy**

During the late 1940s and early 1950s, the prospect of communist subversion at home and abroad seemed frighteningly real to many people in the United States. These fears came to define-and, in some cases, corrode-the era's political culture. For many Americans, the most enduring symbol of this "Red Scare" was Republican Senator Joseph P. McCarthy of Wisconsin. Senator McCarthy spent almost five years trying in vain to expose communists and other left-wing "loyalty risks" in the U.S. government. In the hyper-suspicious atmosphere of the Cold War, insinuations of disloyalty were enough to convince many Americans that their government was packed with traitors and spies. McCarthy's accusations were so intimidating that few people dared to speak out against him. It was not until he attacked the Army in 1954 that his actions earned him the censure of the U.S. Senate.

J. Edgar Hoover

J. Edgar Hoover is named acting directorof the Bureau of Investigation(now the FBI) on this day in 1924. By the end of the year he was officiallypromoted to director. Thisbegan his 48-year tenure in power, during which time he personally shaped American criminal justice in the 20th century. -Hoover approved of illegally infiltrating and spying on the American Civil Liberties Union. His spies could be found throughout the government, even in the Supreme Court. He also collected damaging information on the personal lives of civil rights activists, including Martin Luther King, Jr. -

Jackie Robinson

Jackie Robinson made history in 1947 when he broke baseball's color barrier to play for the Brooklyn Dodgers. A talented player, Robinson won the National League Rookie of the Year award his first season, and helped the Dodgers to the National League championship - the first of his six trips to the World Series. In 1949 Robinson won the league MVP award, and he was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962. Despite his skill, Robinson faced a barrage of insults and threats because of his race. The courage and grace with which Robinson handled the abuses inspired a generation of African Americans to question the doctrine of "separate but equal" and helped pave the way for the Civil Rights Movement.

East/West Germany**

On August 13, 1961, the Communist government of the German Democratic Republic (GDR, or East Germany) began to build a barbed wire and concrete "Antifascistischer Schutzwall," or "antifascist bulwark," between East and West Berlin. The official purpose of this Berlin Wall was to keep Western "fascists" from entering East Germany and undermining the socialist state, but it primarily served the objective of stemming mass defections from East to West. The Berlin Wall stood until November 9, 1989, when the head of the East German Communist Party announced that citizens of the GDR could cross the border whenever they pleased. That night, ecstatic crowds swarmed the wall. Some crossed freely into West Berlin, while others brought hammers and picks and began to chip away at the wall itself. To this day, the Berlin Wall remains one of the most powerful and enduring symbols of the Cold War.

Operation 'wetback'

Operation Wetback was enacted in the 1950s by immigration and Naturalization service. The effects of World War 2 caused a massive exodus of Mexican migrants into the U.S through the Rio Grande, into the Southwest part of the United States, to work as farm hands . It was characterized by massive exploitation, and abuse of Mexican farm workers, by southwest farmers, law enforcement and Immigration agents. Due to the massive abuse, the Mexican government, in response, in conjunction with the United States enacted a treaty to protect migrant Mexican bracero worker rights (Koestler. Web. 2012).

McCarthyism**

Post world war 2 red scare focused on fear of communism in US. government positions peaked during the Korean War; most closely associated with Joseph McCarthy a major instigator of the hysteria.

Truman Doctrine*

President Harry Truman's program announced in 1947 to aid to European countries--particularly Greece and Turkey---threatened communism

Berlin Blockade**

The Berlin Blockade was an attempt in 1948 by the Soviet Union to limit the ability of France, Great Britain and the United States to travel to their sectors of Berlin, which lay within Russian-occupied East Germany. Eventually, the western powers instituted an airlift that lasted nearly a year and delivered much-needed supplies and relief to West Berlin. Coming just three years after the end of World War II, the blockade was the first major clash of the Cold War and foreshadowed future conflict over the city of Berlin. -

National Security Council**

The National Security Council was created in 1947 by the National Security Act. It was created because policymakers felt that the diplomacy of the State Department was no longer adequate to contain the USSR in light of the tension between the Soviet Union and the United States.[1] The intent was to ensure coordination and concurrence among the Navy, Marine Corps, Army, Air Force and other instruments of national security policy such as the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), also created in the National Security Act.

Koren War**

This war was the first shooting confrontation of the Cold War It was a war in which victory was not the ultimate goal It was the first limited war, that is to say, not every possible means were used It was the first war in a nuclear age It was the first UN war It saw the first use of jets and helicopters Necessity enabled many medical breakthroughs The war is still going on The US still maintains troops in South Korea The factors that caused this war are still present and unresolved There are still over 8,000 unaccounted for POWs and MIAs There are over 79,000 disabled Korean War veterans This war transformed the US into a national security state This war accelerated the racial integration of the military This war encouraged McCarthyism This war solidified the US role as world police **he Korean War erupted on June 25, 1950 in the middle of the burgeoning Cold War, an international struggle between the US and the USSR for world domination of their competing ideologies, Democracy/Capitalism versus Communism. While the Soviet Union never got directly involved in the fighting, it did supply North Korea with weapons and supplies. The US, on the other hand, did commit its own troops as part of a UN international-peace keeping force. In reality, the UN force was in name only; the troops were made up of almost entirely American forces, with some American allies. The Korean War was the first instance that it became clear that the UN could be used by the US as a foreign policy tool.

Marshall Plan**

US program for the reconstruction of post-WOrld war 2 Europe through massive aid to former enemy nations as well as allies; proposed by General George C. Marshall in 1947

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty)***

alliance founded in 1949 by ten western european nations, the US, and canada to deter Soviet expansion in Europe

House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC)*

formed in 1938, to investigate subversives in the government and holders of radical ideas more generally; best-known investigations were of Hollywood notables and former State Department official Alger Hiss, who was accused in 1948 of espionage and Communist Party membership. Abolished in 1975.

CIA*

is an external intelligence service of the U.S. Government, tasked with gathering, processing and analyzing national security information from around the world, primarily through the use of human intelligence -The United States has carried out intelligence activities since the days of George Washington, but only since World War II have they been coordinated on a government-wide basis. President William J. DonovanFranklin D. Roosevelt appointed New York lawyer and war hero, William J. Donovan, to become first the Coordinator of Information, and then, after the US entered World War II, head of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) in 1942. The OSS - the forerunner to the CIA - had a mandate to collect and analyze strategic information. After World War II, however, the OSS was abolished along with many other war agencies and its functions were transferred to the State and War Departments.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

one of the first major achievements of the United Nations. The United States is a charter member of the United Nations and the U.S. Representative to the U.N., Eleanor Roosevelt, was a lead drafter of the UDHR. -The 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights is probably the most famous human rights document and at the same time is the cornerstone of international human rights protection. Up until World War II human rights and its protection were almost exclusively a matter for national constitutions and only very few questions were ruled on at an international level. The effects of the war and fear of communism however led to a turnaround. During the war the Allies explained that they were willing to create conditions for all humans to live in freedom and free from any fear and shortage. Therefore the UN Charter of 1945 contains the clear order to the community of states to encourage the respect and realisation of human and basic rights.

Winston Churchill and the "iron curtain" ****

served as the prime minister of Great Britain from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955. He led Britain's fight against Nazi Germany in World War II. Churchill was a talented orator, giving many stirring speeches to boost national morale during the war. -->winston churchill: britains former wartime prime minister.. declared that an "iron curtain: had descended across Europe, partitioning the free wear from the Communist east. ----> HIS SPEECH HELPED TO POPULARIZE -IRON CURTAIN: term coined by winston churchill to describe the Cold War divide between western Europe and the Soviet Union's eastern European satellites.

Harry S. Truman***

the 33rd U.S. president, assumed office following the death of President Franklin Roosevelt (1882-1945). In the White House from 1945 to 1953, Truman made the decision to use the atomic bomb against Japan, helped rebuild postwar Europe, worked to contain communism and led the United States into the Korean War (1950-1953). A Missouri native, Truman assisted in running his family farm after high school and served in World War I (1914-1918). He began his political career in 1922 as a county judge in Missouri and was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1934. Three months after becoming vice president in 1945, the plain-spoken Truman ascended to the presidency. In 1948, he was reelected in an upset over Republican Thomas Dewey (1902-1971). After leaving office, Truman spent his remaining two decades in Independence, Missouri, where he established his presidential library.

Totalitarianism

the term which described aggressive, ideologically driven states that sought to subdue all of civil society to their control, thus leaving no room for individual rights or alternative values

Henry Luce**

was a Chinese-American magazine magnate, who was called "the most influential private citizen in the America of his day".[1] He launched and closely supervised a stable of magazines that transformed journalism and the reading habits of upscale Americans. Time summarized and interpreted the week's news; Life was a picture magazine of politics, culture, and society that dominated American visual perceptions in the era before television; Fortune explored in depth the economy and the world of business, introducing to executives avant-garde ideas such as Keynesianism; and Sports Illustrated explored the motivations and strategies of sports teams and key players. Counting his radio projects and newsreels, Luce created the first multimedia corporation. He was born in China to missionary parents. He envisaged that the United States would achieve world hegemony, and, in 1941, he declared the 20th century would be the "American Century". -- **Henry R. Luce, Creator of Time-Life Magazine Empire, Mr. Luce created the modern news magazine, fostered the development of group journalism, restyled pictorial reporting, encouraged a crisp and adjective-studded style of writing and initiated the concept of covering business as a continuing magazine story. In the process, the tall, lean man with heavy eyebrows grew to be one of the nation's wealthiest men, rose to a position of vast and pervasive economic, political and social influence and helped shape the reading habits, political attitudes and cultural tastes of millions. Nonetheless, he tried to remain inconspicuous as a public figure. In private his manner of living was notably inconspicuous.

General Douglas McArthur**

was an American general who commanded the Southwest Pacific in World War II (1939-1945), oversaw the successful Allied occupation of postwar Japan and led United Nations forces in the Korean War (1950-1953). A larger-than-life, controversial figure, MacArthur was talented, outspoken and, in the eyes of many, egotistical. He graduated from the U.S. Military Academy at West Point in 1903 and helped lead the 42nd Division in France during World War I (1914-1918). He went on to serve as superintendent of West Point, chief of staff of the Army and field marshal of the Philippines, where he helped organize a military. During World War II, he famously returned to liberate the Philippines in 1944 after it had fallen to the Japanese. MacArthur led United Nations forces during the start of the Korean War, but later clashed with President Harry Truman over war policy and was removed from command.

Henry Steele Commager

was an American historian who helped define Modern liberalism in the United States for two generations through his 40 books and 700 essays and reviews.[1] His principal scholarly works were his 1936 biography of Theodore Parker; his intellectual history The American Mind: An Interpretation of American Thought and Character since the 1880s (1950), - (born Oct. 25, 1902, Pittsburgh, Pa.—died March 2, 1998, Amherst, Mass.), American historian and teacher who , regarded the United States as the best example of a nation based on a system of rational law, in the form of the U.S. Constitution, which he held to be a perfect blueprint for a political system. Commager first gained attention in 1930 as coauthor, with the distinguished Harvard historian Samuel Eliot Morison, of The Growth of the American Republic, long a standard textbook, in which he first displayed his ability to record history in a clear, cogent narrative style. Among his many other books were The American Mind (1951), a meditation on what Commager perceived to be the American character, often considered his finest work;