Chapter 23 Microbiology Learn Smart
Leptospirosis is contracted through which means?
direct skin contact with urine and vehicles contaminated by urine and vehicles contaminated by urine
________ diseases are those in which the infectious agent causes an increase in fluid excreted from male and female reproductive tracts
discharge
Which of the following are possible complications of gonorrhea in females?
disseminated disease, infection of Fallopian tubes, infertility and pelvic inflammatory disease
Genital herpes is caused by _______ _______ viruses
herpes simplex
Gonorrhea infections are usually transmitted in which ways?
sexual contact and vertical transmission
Which of the following organs are part of the urinary system?
ureters, urethra, kidneys, and bladder
In the male only, the ________ is an internal tube that serves as an opening to the external environment for both the reproductive and urinary systems
urethra
The common signs/symptoms of gonorrhea in females are:
urethritis, painful urination, and bloody discharge
The flushing action of urine, the shedding of epithelial cells, and the presence of different chemicals on epithelial cells are all defenses of the _______ system
urinary
Which of the following commonly cause urinary tract infections?
Enterococcus, E.coli, staphylococcus saprophytic
True or False: Herpes simplex is always a sexually transmitted disease
False
True or False: The colonization of non-pregnant women with a group B streptococcus is a serious health concern
False
True or False: a person must have active lesions to transmit HSV to another person
False
True or False: chlamydia is prevented by a recommended adolescent vaccination
False
True or False: the normal biota of the urinary tract stays the same throughout the lifetime of a male and is not influenced by circumcision
False
True or False: vaginosis is a relatively uncommon condition in childbearing women
False
What viruses are members of the herpes family?
HHV-6, Epsten-Barr virus, varicella virus, cytomegalovirus
The presence of a genital ulcer infection increases the chance of infection with ______
HIV
Which of the following STI's result in wart-like growths?
HPV infection and Molluscum contagiosum
Genital herpes is usually caused by which two agents?
HSV-1 and HSV-2
True or False: The CDC estimates that 50% or more sexually active people become infected with at least one type of HPV within their lifetime
True
True or False: The male reproductive system benefits from the flow of urine, which helps to remove microorganisms
True
What terminology is used to describe infections of the urinary system?
UTI
A major defense for the female reproductive tract during childbearing years is a(n) _______ pH
acidic
What is sexually transmitted infection?
an infection transmitted through intimate physical contact
What type(s) of antibiotics are produced by the body in response to Treponema infections?
antibodies to a human cell component and antibodies to treponemal antigens
Which of the following are often used to diagnose genital herpes infections?
antibody detection, PCR tests, lesion appearance, observation of CPEs
Which tests can easily be used to detect syphilis infection?
antibody tests, dark-field microscopy, and PCR
Which two methods are effective at preventing HPV infection?
avoid direct contact with infected and licensed vaccine
Which of the following is thought to cause the fishy odor in vaginosis?
bacterial metabolism
Which of the following routes of transmission can cause neonatal and fetal herpes infections?
birthing process and hand transmission from mother
Which of the following are signs/ symptoms of urinary schistosomiasis?
blood in the urine and obstruction of the bladder
Oncogenes
can turn normal cells into cancer cells
The most common cause of vaginitis is the organism _______ ______
candida albicans
Which of the following are considered discharge diseases?
chlamydia and gonorrhea
Why are women more prone to urinary tract infections?
close proximity to anus and shorter urethra
________ -________ UTIs are transmitted from the ______ tract to the urinary tract of the same individual
community-acquired and GI
Genital HPV infection is transmitted most commonly by _______ contact
direct
Syphilis is commonly transmitted through _________ contact or ________ transmission to the fetus in utero
direct or vertical
Which of the following are possible complications of vaginosis?
ectopic pregnancies, lawbirth weight babies, infertility, pelvic inflammatory disease
How is schistososomiasis transmitted?
exposure to untreated sewage
Babies born to mothers with gonorrhea can experience infections of the ______ and _______ tract
eyes and respiratory
The ________ reproductive system includes the uterus, ovaries, cervix, and vagina
female
Which of the following are common signs/symptoms of cystitis?
fever, frequent urge to urinate, burning pain with urination, and cloudy, tinged urine
If symptomatic, HPV may present with:
flat, inconspicuous warts, cauliflower like masses, and outgrowths on the genitalia
Schistosomiasis is a urinary tract infection caused by a:
fluke
The organism Neisseria gonorrhoeae is also known as the _______
gonococcus
_______ is a diplococcal infection of the genital tract in both male and females that leads to increased fluid discharge
gonorrhea
Which type of streptococcal colonization is an important consideration in late term pregnancy?
group B strep
syphilis is commonly transmitted:
in utero and through sex
The initial infection with genital herpes:
is extremely variable
Which of the following are sign/symptoms of infection with Trichomonas in women?
itching, inflammation of vagina, and frothy discharge
What aspect of urine makes it a good defense for the urinary tract?
its flushing action
Lysozyme and ________ are antimicrobial proteins found in ________
lactoferrin and urine
_________ is a zoonotic infection spread to humans through waters contaminated with animal urine
leptospirosis
HSV remains latent in which structures if it infects the genital region?
lumbosacral ganglion
HSV remains latent in which structure if it infects the genital region?
lumbosecral ganglion
Lymphogranuloma venereum results in long-term obstruction of the ______ system and deformation of the ______
lymphatic and genitalia
The _______ reproductive system includes the testes, vas deferens, prostate gland, and urethra.
male
In many cases, reproductive tract disease in _______ also involve infections of the urinary tract.
men
Which possible effects does Group B streptococcus infection have on infants?
meningitis, septicemia, pneumonia, and sensory loss
_________ is the process by which the uterine lining is degenerated and sloughed every cycle
menstruction
Which of the following have been used to treat syphilis in history?
mercury application, penicillin treatment, salvarsan treatment
Which of the following are defenses of the female reproductive tract during non-bearing years?
mucus coating of tract and IgA antibodies
Which of the following are defenses of the female reproductive tract during childbearing years?
mucus coating of tract, IgA antibodies, protective biota, and acidic pH
The main virulence factor for cancer-causing HPVs are __________, which code for proteins that interfere with normal cell division
oncogenes
Infections with Candida albicans are almost always ______
opportunistic and endogenous
Which of the following types of cancer can be caused by strains of HPV?
penile, anal, throat, and cervical
Which of the following factors can lead to opportunistic yeast infections?
pregnancy, disruption of normal vaginal biota, broad-spectrum antibiotics, damage to vaginal mucosa
Which of the following represent stages of syphilis infection in an adults?
primary, tertiary, and secondary
Which of the following are the current prevention for urinary tract infections?
proper wiping technique, emptying bladder frequently, and drinking cranberry juice
_________ is an inflammation of the prostate gland
prostatitis
The urinary system has which of the following roles in the body?
removes unwanted substances from the blood, helps regulate processes in the body, transports wastes out of the body
Which body system involves the vertical passage of genes from parent to offspring?
reproductive
They type of organism that causes ________ a type of urinary tract infection, is a parasitic helminth
schistosomiasis
The _________ stage of syphilis infection is characterized by systemic signs and symtpoms, such as rahses, hair loss, fever and sore throat, that are eventually resolved
secondary
The genital discharge diseases are most often transmitted by:
sexual contact
Drugs used to treat genital herpes can be effective at doing which of the following?
shortening the symptoms, preventing recurrences, prevention of transmission
Which of the following are sings/symptoms of chancroid?
soft chancre and swollen lymph nodes
What factors can use reactivation of Herpes simplex?
sunlight, injury, stress, infection, and menstruation
The genital ulcer disease caused by a spirochete bacterium is called _______
syphilis
Secondary syphilis is characterized by:
systemic rashes and hair loss
What does the term 'microbiota' mean?
the normal resident microbes in the human body
Many infections with ________ are asymtomatic in both males and females, but if symptoms are present, itching and vaginal inflammation are usually the most predominant
trichomonas
Genital herpes, syphilis, and chancroid are considered genital _______ diseases.
ulcer
The eggs of schistosomes exit the host through ______
urine
In most women, a yeast infection is limited to what area of the reproductive tract?
vagina
Which area of the female genital tract harbor a large population of normal biota?
vagina
Which of the following are the possible signs/symptoms of vaginits?
vaginal itching, burning sensations, and vaginal discharge
What infection results in inflammation of the vagina and presents with some degree of vaginal itching?
vaginitis
_______ is a type of an inflammatory vaginal infection that can be caused by Candida albicans where as _______ is a type of vaginal infection that can be caused by Gardnerella
vaginitis and vaginosis
Which of the following terms refers to a vaginal infection without inflammation?
vaginosis
Why does chlamydia put a women at greater risk for pelvic inflammatory disease?
women do not seek treatment for asymtomatic cases
The vaginal condition caused by Candida albicans is commonly known by the public as a ______ infection
yeast
The inferior part of the uterus that connects to the vagina is called the ______
cervix
A _________ is the primary sore of syphilis that forms at the site of penetration by Treponema pallidum
chancre
________ is a localized genital ulcer disease caused by a spleomorphic bacterium
chancriod
________ is a vaginal infection with Gardnerella bacteria that does not induce vaginal inflammation
vaginosis
Which of the following are structures involved in the male reproductive system?
vas deferens, testes, urethra, seminal vesicles, epididymis, and penis
Chlamydia infections are transmitted in which two ways?
vertical transmission and sexual contact