Chapter 23 Microbiology Learn Smart

Leptospirosis is contracted through which means?

direct skin contact with urine and vehicles contaminated by urine and vehicles contaminated by urine

________ diseases are those in which the infectious agent causes an increase in fluid excreted from male and female reproductive tracts

discharge

Which of the following are possible complications of gonorrhea in females?

disseminated disease, infection of Fallopian tubes, infertility and pelvic inflammatory disease

Genital herpes is caused by _______ _______ viruses

herpes simplex

Gonorrhea infections are usually transmitted in which ways?

sexual contact and vertical transmission

Which of the following organs are part of the urinary system?

ureters, urethra, kidneys, and bladder

In the male only, the ________ is an internal tube that serves as an opening to the external environment for both the reproductive and urinary systems

urethra

The common signs/symptoms of gonorrhea in females are:

urethritis, painful urination, and bloody discharge

The flushing action of urine, the shedding of epithelial cells, and the presence of different chemicals on epithelial cells are all defenses of the _______ system

urinary

Which of the following commonly cause urinary tract infections?

Enterococcus, E.coli, staphylococcus saprophytic

True or False: Herpes simplex is always a sexually transmitted disease

False

True or False: The colonization of non-pregnant women with a group B streptococcus is a serious health concern

False

True or False: a person must have active lesions to transmit HSV to another person

False

True or False: chlamydia is prevented by a recommended adolescent vaccination

False

True or False: the normal biota of the urinary tract stays the same throughout the lifetime of a male and is not influenced by circumcision

False

True or False: vaginosis is a relatively uncommon condition in childbearing women

False

What viruses are members of the herpes family?

HHV-6, Epsten-Barr virus, varicella virus, cytomegalovirus

The presence of a genital ulcer infection increases the chance of infection with ______

HIV

Which of the following STI's result in wart-like growths?

HPV infection and Molluscum contagiosum

Genital herpes is usually caused by which two agents?

HSV-1 and HSV-2

True or False: The CDC estimates that 50% or more sexually active people become infected with at least one type of HPV within their lifetime

True

True or False: The male reproductive system benefits from the flow of urine, which helps to remove microorganisms

True

What terminology is used to describe infections of the urinary system?

UTI

A major defense for the female reproductive tract during childbearing years is a(n) _______ pH

acidic

What is sexually transmitted infection?

an infection transmitted through intimate physical contact

What type(s) of antibiotics are produced by the body in response to Treponema infections?

antibodies to a human cell component and antibodies to treponemal antigens

Which of the following are often used to diagnose genital herpes infections?

antibody detection, PCR tests, lesion appearance, observation of CPEs

Which tests can easily be used to detect syphilis infection?

antibody tests, dark-field microscopy, and PCR

Which two methods are effective at preventing HPV infection?

avoid direct contact with infected and licensed vaccine

Which of the following is thought to cause the fishy odor in vaginosis?

bacterial metabolism

Which of the following routes of transmission can cause neonatal and fetal herpes infections?

birthing process and hand transmission from mother

Which of the following are signs/ symptoms of urinary schistosomiasis?

blood in the urine and obstruction of the bladder

Oncogenes

can turn normal cells into cancer cells

The most common cause of vaginitis is the organism _______ ______

candida albicans

Which of the following are considered discharge diseases?

chlamydia and gonorrhea

Why are women more prone to urinary tract infections?

close proximity to anus and shorter urethra

________ -________ UTIs are transmitted from the ______ tract to the urinary tract of the same individual

community-acquired and GI

Genital HPV infection is transmitted most commonly by _______ contact

direct

Syphilis is commonly transmitted through _________ contact or ________ transmission to the fetus in utero

direct or vertical

Which of the following are possible complications of vaginosis?

ectopic pregnancies, lawbirth weight babies, infertility, pelvic inflammatory disease

How is schistososomiasis transmitted?

exposure to untreated sewage

Babies born to mothers with gonorrhea can experience infections of the ______ and _______ tract

eyes and respiratory

The ________ reproductive system includes the uterus, ovaries, cervix, and vagina

female

Which of the following are common signs/symptoms of cystitis?

fever, frequent urge to urinate, burning pain with urination, and cloudy, tinged urine

If symptomatic, HPV may present with:

flat, inconspicuous warts, cauliflower like masses, and outgrowths on the genitalia

Schistosomiasis is a urinary tract infection caused by a:

fluke

The organism Neisseria gonorrhoeae is also known as the _______

gonococcus

_______ is a diplococcal infection of the genital tract in both male and females that leads to increased fluid discharge

gonorrhea

Which type of streptococcal colonization is an important consideration in late term pregnancy?

group B strep

syphilis is commonly transmitted:

in utero and through sex

The initial infection with genital herpes:

is extremely variable

Which of the following are sign/symptoms of infection with Trichomonas in women?

itching, inflammation of vagina, and frothy discharge

What aspect of urine makes it a good defense for the urinary tract?

its flushing action

Lysozyme and ________ are antimicrobial proteins found in ________

lactoferrin and urine

_________ is a zoonotic infection spread to humans through waters contaminated with animal urine

leptospirosis

HSV remains latent in which structures if it infects the genital region?

lumbosacral ganglion

HSV remains latent in which structure if it infects the genital region?

lumbosecral ganglion

Lymphogranuloma venereum results in long-term obstruction of the ______ system and deformation of the ______

lymphatic and genitalia

The _______ reproductive system includes the testes, vas deferens, prostate gland, and urethra.

male

In many cases, reproductive tract disease in _______ also involve infections of the urinary tract.

men

Which possible effects does Group B streptococcus infection have on infants?

meningitis, septicemia, pneumonia, and sensory loss

_________ is the process by which the uterine lining is degenerated and sloughed every cycle

menstruction

Which of the following have been used to treat syphilis in history?

mercury application, penicillin treatment, salvarsan treatment

Which of the following are defenses of the female reproductive tract during non-bearing years?

mucus coating of tract and IgA antibodies

Which of the following are defenses of the female reproductive tract during childbearing years?

mucus coating of tract, IgA antibodies, protective biota, and acidic pH

The main virulence factor for cancer-causing HPVs are __________, which code for proteins that interfere with normal cell division

oncogenes

Infections with Candida albicans are almost always ______

opportunistic and endogenous

Which of the following types of cancer can be caused by strains of HPV?

penile, anal, throat, and cervical

Which of the following factors can lead to opportunistic yeast infections?

pregnancy, disruption of normal vaginal biota, broad-spectrum antibiotics, damage to vaginal mucosa

Which of the following represent stages of syphilis infection in an adults?

primary, tertiary, and secondary

Which of the following are the current prevention for urinary tract infections?

proper wiping technique, emptying bladder frequently, and drinking cranberry juice

_________ is an inflammation of the prostate gland

prostatitis

The urinary system has which of the following roles in the body?

removes unwanted substances from the blood, helps regulate processes in the body, transports wastes out of the body

Which body system involves the vertical passage of genes from parent to offspring?

reproductive

They type of organism that causes ________ a type of urinary tract infection, is a parasitic helminth

schistosomiasis

The _________ stage of syphilis infection is characterized by systemic signs and symtpoms, such as rahses, hair loss, fever and sore throat, that are eventually resolved

secondary

The genital discharge diseases are most often transmitted by:

sexual contact

Drugs used to treat genital herpes can be effective at doing which of the following?

shortening the symptoms, preventing recurrences, prevention of transmission

Which of the following are sings/symptoms of chancroid?

soft chancre and swollen lymph nodes

What factors can use reactivation of Herpes simplex?

sunlight, injury, stress, infection, and menstruation

The genital ulcer disease caused by a spirochete bacterium is called _______

syphilis

Secondary syphilis is characterized by:

systemic rashes and hair loss

What does the term 'microbiota' mean?

the normal resident microbes in the human body

Many infections with ________ are asymtomatic in both males and females, but if symptoms are present, itching and vaginal inflammation are usually the most predominant

trichomonas

Genital herpes, syphilis, and chancroid are considered genital _______ diseases.

ulcer

The eggs of schistosomes exit the host through ______

urine

In most women, a yeast infection is limited to what area of the reproductive tract?

vagina

Which area of the female genital tract harbor a large population of normal biota?

vagina

Which of the following are the possible signs/symptoms of vaginits?

vaginal itching, burning sensations, and vaginal discharge

What infection results in inflammation of the vagina and presents with some degree of vaginal itching?

vaginitis

_______ is a type of an inflammatory vaginal infection that can be caused by Candida albicans where as _______ is a type of vaginal infection that can be caused by Gardnerella

vaginitis and vaginosis

Which of the following terms refers to a vaginal infection without inflammation?

vaginosis

Why does chlamydia put a women at greater risk for pelvic inflammatory disease?

women do not seek treatment for asymtomatic cases

The vaginal condition caused by Candida albicans is commonly known by the public as a ______ infection

yeast

The inferior part of the uterus that connects to the vagina is called the ______

cervix

A _________ is the primary sore of syphilis that forms at the site of penetration by Treponema pallidum

chancre

________ is a localized genital ulcer disease caused by a spleomorphic bacterium

chancriod

________ is a vaginal infection with Gardnerella bacteria that does not induce vaginal inflammation

vaginosis

Which of the following are structures involved in the male reproductive system?

vas deferens, testes, urethra, seminal vesicles, epididymis, and penis

Chlamydia infections are transmitted in which two ways?

vertical transmission and sexual contact