Chapter 23: The Digestive System
Does accessory organs release digestive enzymes, juices, or secretions?
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Portion of GI tract least involved in digestive processes of mechanical breakdown, digestion, and absorption.
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The functions of the accessory organs secretions?
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The functions of the secretions that are in the events of digestion?
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What are the enzymes, juices, or secretions that are released in the events of digestion?
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Where are the accessory organs secreted?
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Term used to describe chemical and mechanical processes that breakdown food?
... digestion?
The six major processes that occur during digestive activity?
1. Ingestion: eating 2. Propulsion: movement of food through the alimentary canal. 3. Mechanical breakdown: includes chewing, mixing food with saliva. 4. Digestion: series of catabolic steps that involves enzymes that break down complex food molecules. 5. Absorption: passage of digested fragments from lumen of GI tract into blood or lymph. 6. Defecation: elimination of indigestible substances via anus
Primary teeth?
20 teeth, 2-2 1/2 years old it will erupt.
Permanent teeth?
32 teeth, wisdom teeth lastly erupt between 17-21 years old.
Another name for GI tract?
Alimentary canal
chyme and where?
Conversion of bolus to pasty like substance found in stomach.
IDENTIFY PARTS OF STOMACH, SMALL INTESTINE, AND LARGE INTESTINE?
IDENTIFY PARTS OF STOMACH, SMALL INTESTINE, AND LARGE INTESTINE?
Difference in the shape of teeth allow for difference in action?
Incisors: chisel shaped for cutting Canines: fanglike teeth that tear or pierce Premolars (bicuspids): broad crowns with rounded cusps used to grind or crush.
What does salivary amylase do?
Its the enzyme that begins breakdown of starch.
Order of 4 major layer of the GI tract from the lumen to superficial?
Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis Externa Serosa ...
Where does segmentation and peristalsis occur?
Peristalsis- esophagus, small intestine, large intestine, Segmentation- small intestine
Are their any specialized cells in the GI tract?
Serous and Mucous cells
What are the functions of the specialized cells in the GI tract?
Serous- produce watery secretion, enzymes, ions, and a bit of mucin. Mucous- secretes mucus.
The accessory organs of digest?
Teeth, tongue, gallbladder, and digestive glands such as salivary glands, pancreas, and liver.
mesenteries?
a double layer of peritoneum that extends to the digestive organs from body wall they provide routes for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves to reach digestive viscera hold organs in place and stores fat.
Function of intrinsic factor?
absorbs vitamin B12
Cause gastric ulcers?
bacterum Helicobacter pylori.
What does bile help digest?
breaks down fats into fatty acids, which can be taken into the body.
Structure increases the ability of small small intestine to absorb nutrients?
broken-down into particles that are small enough to pass, or "be transported", across the epithelial cells of the GI tract.
The function of saliva?
cleans, moistens, begins breakdown of starch, and dissolves food.
The nervous system interact with GI tract?
communicate extensively with each other and is also called enteric nervous system
Gastric ulcers?
erosions in stomach wall.
Function of bile?
fat emulsifier
villi is, found, and purpose?
fingerlike projection of mucosa, w/ a core that contains dense capillary bed and lymphatic capillary called a lacteal for absorption. found- in small intestine purpose- is absorption
bolus and where?
formation of salvia and food in mouth.
Where is bile stored?
gallbladder
Muscle tone play a role in length of GI tract?
in a living person, it is considerably shorter.
Pepsinogen?
inactive enzyme that is activated to pepsin by HCl and by pepsin itself
Function of tongue?
initiation of swallowing, gripping, repositioning of food, speech, mixtures, and taste.
Mastication?
is process of chewing.
deglutition?
is process of swallowing.
Where is bile made?
liver
Difference between mechanical and chemical breakdown and where?
mechanical- food is chewed. (mouth) chemical- breakdown of food with help of enzymes can be absorbed. (mouth, stomach, and small intestine)
visceral peritoneum?
membrane of external surface of most digestive organs.
The organs of GI tract?
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus.
Function of organs in the GI tract?
mouth- food is chewed and mixed with enzyme-containing saliva that begins process of digestion, and swallowing process is initiated. pharynx- allows passage of food, fluids, and air. esophagus- allows food to pass from mouth to stomach- a temporary storage tank that starts the chemical breakdown of protein digestion. small intestine- major organ in digestion and absorption. large intestine- propulsion of feces to anus and defecation. anus- allow feces to leave body
The major digestive events that occur?
mouth- mechanical breakdown and mastication esophagus- peristalsis stomach- chemical breakdown, small intestine- segmentation, peristalsis, chemical breakdown large intestine- peristalsis, absorbs water anus- elimination of waste.
Buffering important for small intestine?
neutralize the acidic chyme being received from the stomach
How is buffering important for the small intestine?
neutralized the acidic particles in the stomach.
plicae is, found, and purpose?
numerous fold of mucous membrane, small intestine, and increase surface area.
Pepsinogen activated?
pH 1.5-3.5; denatures protein, activates pepsin, breaks down plant cell walls, and kills many bacteria.
How many saliva gland are there?
parotid: inside of cheeks. submandibular: floor of mouth. sublingual: under the tongue.
Chief cells of stomach produce?
pepsinogen
Compare and contrast peristalsis and segmentation?
peristalsis: alternating waves of contraction and relaxation segmentation- intestine that mixes food with digestive juices COMPARE: ... to move food by contractions
How do accessory organs aid digestion?
produce enzymes that help break down complex food molecules.
Function of tooth canal?
protecting your teeth from decay.
How the stomach protects body from microbes?
skin, sweat glands, mucus membranes and stomach acids are all parts of the first line of defense, which all prevent pathogens from entering the body.
Ruptured appendix life threatening?
spreads infection throughout your abdomen.
Where is intrinsic factor produced?
stomach
Heartburn and cause?
stomach acid regurgitating into esophagus.
What epigastric region organs are found?
stomach, liver, and the pancreas.
Function of teeth?
tears and grinds food into smaller pieces.
The function of the accessory organs?
teeth- (mastication) tears and grinds food into smaller pieces. tongue- mixing of food, formation of bolus, and initiation of swallowing, speech, and taste. gallbladder- storage of bile. digestive glands- produce secretions that help break down foodstuffs.
Structure that separates the nasal and oral cavities from each other?
the hard palate
Makes gastric juices hostile?
thin strongly acidic (pH 1 - 3 ) almost colorless liquid secreted by the glands in the stomach lining.
Where is the epigastric region?
upper central region of the abdomen
Intrinsic factor?
Glycoprotein required for absorption of vitamin B12 in small intestine.
