Chapter 24 extra questions

The proportion of individuals in the population that must be immunized to achieve herd immunity is called the attack rate herd immunity threshold vaccine coverage rate immunity brink

herd immunity threshold

Resistance to β-Lactams occurs through all of the following ways, except -alteration of penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) -drug removal from the cell (drug efflux) -reduction of membrane permeability to the drug (drug inaccessibility) -increase of membrane permeability

increase of membrane permeability

All of the following are effective ways in dealing with drug resistance except using multidrug cocktails using selective drugs increasing frequency of antimicrobial drug prescriptions developing new vaccines and alternatives

increasing frequency of antimicrobial drug prescriptions

The primary action of Rifamycins is to inhibit nucleic acid synthesis inhibit transcription accelerate nucleic acid synthesis accelerate transcription

inhibit transcription

Azoles are a class of antifungal drugs that target ___________ biosynthesis, causing cell membrane disruption. sterol glycerol fatty acid transport protein folic acid

sterol

It is undesirable for an antimicrobial drug to demonstrate selective toxicity. True False

False

The attenuated, oral polio vaccine -was developed by Jonas Salk -prevents poliomyelitis but not infection from wild virus -is expensive, requiring needles, trained medical personnel, and 3-4 boosters -has a risk of vaccine-associated poliomyelitis

-has a risk of vaccine-associated poliomyelitis

Ampicillin is a semi-synthetic antibiotic derivative of penicillin G. Ampicillin is acid-resistant, whereas penicillin G is not resistant to acid. Why is this important? Ampicillin is resistant to β-lactamases. Ampicillin can be taken orally. Ampicillin is effective against Gram-negative bacteria. Ampicillin is less toxic. Ampicillin is more stable in solution.

Ampicillin can be taken orally.

Azoles target _________ and an example is _________. Tubulin, Miconazole C14-demethylase, Amphotericin B Plasma membrane ergosterol, Griseofulvin C14-demethylase, Ketoconazole

C14-demethylase, Ketoconazole

Modern vaccines elicit effective immune responses in everyone that is vaccinated. True False

False

What is the mode of action of β-lactam antibiotics? Inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis Inhibitors of protein synthesis Inhibitors of peptidoglycan synthesis Inhibitors of ribosome function None of these

Inhibitors of peptidoglycan synthesis

Which of these antibacterial agents would be effective against Mycobacteria? Tetracyclines Penicillin G Polymyxins Isoniazid

Isoniazid

Which of the following is true of bloodletting? -It is still commonly practiced today in Western medicine. -It often did more harm than good as it also diminished immune cells and molecules needed to fight infection. -It tends to raise blood pressure to dangerous levels. -It is an example of how the ancient Greeks could not separate religion and disease.

It often did more harm than good as it also diminished immune cells and molecules needed to fight infection.

The person attributed with developing the small pox vaccine is Jenner Koch Fleming Hippocrates

Jenner

Treating fevers by bleeding was an ancient practice which may have shown temporary success because it Removed white blood cells from the body Caused unconsciousness Reduced interleukin 1 concentrations Caused a loss of immunoglobulins

Reduced interleukin 1 concentrations

Tetracycline properties do not include Binding to 16S rRNA to prevent codon-anticodon base pairing Forming complexes with calcium that lead to tooth discoloration Toxicity to the kidneys and inner ear An affinity in binding many RNA secondary structures

Toxicity to the kidneys and inner ear

Bacteriostatic drugs prevent replication of bacteria, but do not kill them. True False

True

Herd immunity occurs when successful immunization of a certain proportion of a population serves to protect the rest of the population from communicable disease. True False

True

The use of antibiotics in farm animals may contribute to the increased number of antibiotic resistant microbes observed in human infections. True False

True

Subunit vaccines are also called attenuated vaccines aceullular vaccines inactivated vaccines killed vaccines

aceullular vaccines

Beta lactam drugs include streptomycin cephalosporins bacitracin tetracycline

cephalosporins

Many aminoglycosides are toxic to humans because they interfere with lipid synthesis in human cells. disrupt kidney function. interfere with protein synthesis in human cells. cause the heart to beat abnormally. block DNA replication in human cells.

disrupt kidney function.

Because penicillin G, a naturally occurring antibiotic, is a narrow spectrum drug effectiveonly against Gram-positive bacteria, and is destroyed by acid, it is unsuitable for treating infections injection into the body preventing infections oral ingestion

oral ingestion

Conjugate vaccines are composed of ______________ linked to an immunogenic protein. toxins polysaccharide antigens protein antigens lipid antigens DNA fragments

polysaccharide antigens

The mode of action of aminoglycosides is to inhibit __________ synthesis. protein RNA DNA membrane peptidoglycan

protein

Azidothymidine (AZT) is an antiviral drug used to treat HIV infections. AZT is somewhat selective for use in HIV treatment because it has an affinity for the viral enzyme RNA polymerase. DNA polymerase. topoisomerase. reverse transcriptase. neuraminidase.

reverse transcriptase.

Mobile genetic elements do NOT include ribosomes plasmids transposons transducing phages

ribosomes

Mutational resistance to an antimicrobial drug usually occurs only in the presence of the drug. spontaneously in the absence of the drug. in the presence of the drug and a mutagen. as a result of horizontal gene transfer. only in the presence of a mutagen.

spontaneously in the absence of the drug.

The conceptual model that emphasizes the connection between the identified host, agent, and environment in an epidemic is called the attack rate the triangle of epidemiology the agent factor the principles of a pandemic

the triangle of epidemiology

All of the following are approaches used to help reduce the incidence of antimicrobial drug resistance except ... -the use of very high concentrations of the drug. -use of a narrow spectrum antibiotic to treat a specific infection. -use of a combination of antibiotics. -good hygiene, such as frequent hand washing to prevent the spread of drug resistant microbes. -the use of antibiotics only when absolutely necessary.

the use of very high concentrations of the drug.

Control strategies that may be used to control yellow fever are ... vaccination and destruction of mosquito breeding grounds. use of antibiotics and vaccination. use of antibiotics and destruction of mosquito breeding grounds. frequent hand washing and vaccination. frequent hand washing and use of antibiotics.

vaccination and destruction of mosquito breeding grounds.