Chapter 24: Organic Chemistry SmartBook 2.0

Match each marked carbon atom in the structure shown with the correct number of H atoms needed to fulfill its normal bonding requirements. a b c

3 1 2

What is the correct IUPAC name for the alkene shown?

4,4-dichloro-1-pentene

Which of the following are common representations of the carboxyl group, which characterizes carboxylic acids? Select all that apply.

A C

Which of the following are possible structural isomers for an alkane with the formula C5H12? Select all that apply.

A C

Which of the following compounds are structural isomers of 2-methylpentane (shown)? Select all that apply.

A C

Which of the following compounds would be considered aromatic? Select all that apply.

A C

Which of the structures shown are possible for a hydrocarbon containing 4 carbon atoms, 1 double bond, and no rings? Select all that apply.

A C

Match each functional group correctly to its name.

A - Amide B - Aldehyde C - Alcohol D - Aromatic E - Amine Amine

Match each of the following compounds to the correct classification.

A - Aromatic B - Aliphatic

Match each functional group correctly to its name.

A - Hydroxyl group B - Carbonyl group C - Carboxyl group D - Amine group

Which of the following statements correctly describe the general characteristics of a substitution reaction? Select all that apply.

A bond breaks and a new bond is formed at the same carbon atom in this type of reaction. Heteroatoms such as oxygen or a halogen are often involved in substitution reactions.

Which of the following options correctly defines a saturated hydrocarbon?

A hydrocarbon that contains the maximum number of H atoms that can bond to the C atoms present

Which of the following statements correctly describe the changes that occur in addition reactions? Select all that apply.

A π bond is broken in an addition reaction. In an addition reaction, a single product is formed when one molecule adds to another.

Which of the following options correctly describe the structure and reactivity of alcohols? Select all that apply.

Alcohols contain a hydroxyl group.

Which of the following types of organic compounds are correctly classified as aliphatic hydrocarbons? Select all that apply.

Alkanes Alkenes Cycloalkanes Alkynes

Which of the following statements correctly explain the basicity of amines and their reactions? Select all that apply.

Amines behave as Bronsted bases by using the lone pair on nitrogen to accept H+. Amines are weak bases. As bases, amines react with acids to form salts.

Which of the options is a structural isomer of butane, shown below?

B

Which of the structures shown are possible for a hydrocarbon containing 5 carbon atoms, 1 triple bond, and no rings? Select all that apply.

B C E

Select all that apply Which of the options given show structural isomers of the original alkane X? Select all that apply.

B D

Which of the following compounds are esters? Select all that apply.

B D

When drawing the structure of an organic compound, it is important to remember that carbon can never have more than __ covalent bonds. In addition, a straight chain and a "bent" chain may represent the same carbon __ since single bonds allow free rotation.

Blank 1: 4 Blank 2: skeleton, arrangement,chain, or backbone

Identify each of the functional groups shown in the accompanying figure correctly.A compound containing group A is classed as a(n) __. A compound containing group B is classed as a(n) __. A compound containing group C is classed as a(n) __. A compound containing group D is classed as a(n) __.

Blank 1: aldehyde Blank 2: amine or tertiary amine Blank 3: ketone Blank 4: ester

Aldehydes and ketones both contain a C=O or __ group

Blank 1: carbonyl

Carbon has the ability to catenate, or form long, stable __ of carbon atoms. This is because C-C bonds have relatively __ bond strength and short bond lengths.

Blank 1: chains Blank 2: high

The term "unsaturated hydrocarbons" refers to carbon compounds containing C-C __ or __ bonds.

Blank 1: double Blank 2: triple

The simplest (smallest) alkane is __, whereas the simplest cycloalkane is __.

Blank 1: methane or CH4 Blank 2: cyclopropane orC3H6

A reaction in which an atom or group of atoms is replaced by another atom or group or atoms is classified as a(n) reaction.

Blank 1: substitution

Which of the following compounds are carboxylic acids? Select all that apply.

C D

Carbon is able to form a wide variety of stable chain, ring, and brached compounds. Which factors contribute to this behavior? Select all that apply.

C forms covalent bonds almost exclusively. C-C bonds are relatively short and therefore strong. C-C multiple bonds form readily and are stable.

Carbon is able to form a wide variety of stable chain, ring, and branched compounds. Which factors contribute to this behavior? Select all that apply.

C-C multiple bonds form readily and are stable. C forms covalent bonds almost exclusively. C-C bonds are relatively short and therefore strong.

What is the molecular formula for an alkyne containing 3 carbon atoms?

C3H4

What is the correct formula for an alkane containing 5 carbon atoms?

C5H12

Which of the following is the correct structure for 1-butene?

CH3CH2CH=CH2

Which structure represents ethyl methyl ether?

CH3OCH2CH3

Which of the following compounds contain the ether functional group? Select all that apply.

CH3OCH3 CH3CH2OCH3

What products are formed when any alkane undergoes combustion in the presence of excess O2?

CO2 and H2O

Which of the following statements correctly describe the structural formula for a hydrocarbon? Select all that apply.

Carbon forms a maximum of 4 bonds.

Which of the following reactions will an alkane typically undergo? Select all that apply.

Combustion Halogenation

In what ways do cycloalkanes differ from alkanes? Select all that apply.

Cycloalkanes have fewer hydrogen atoms than alkanes do. Cycloalkanes are considered unsaturated.

Which of the following is an ester functional group?

D

Which carbon-carbon bond is the source of unsaturation in an alkene?

Double

A saturated hydrocarbon _____. (Select all that apply.)

Has the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible for the number of carbon atoms Contains no rings Contains only single bonds between carbon atoms

Which of the following options correctly describe how to name an aromatic hydrocarbon? Select all that apply.

If the benzene ring is a substituent, it is called a phenyl group. A benzene ring in which a bromine atom has been substituted for one hydrogen atom is called bromobenzene. The substituent does not have to be numbered in a monosubstituted aromatic ring.

Aliphatic hydrocarbons __. (Select all that apply.)

May contain straight chains or branches Include both alkanes and alkenes.

Which of the following options correctly describe the reactions that are typical of alkanes? Select all that apply.

Reaction of an alkane with Cl2 results in the replacement of a hydrogen atom by a chlorine atom. Alkanes burn in O2 to produce CO2 and H2O.

Which of the following represents the ether functional group? R and R' indicate carbon substituents, saturated or unsaturated.

R−O−R'

Which statement best explains why methane is a gas at room temperature, whereas hexane is a liquid under the same conditions?

The dispersion forces between the larger hexane molecules are stronger than the dispersion forces between the methane molecules.

Which of the following statements correctly describe alkanes and cycloalkanes? Select all that apply.

The general formula for cycloalkanes is CnH2n. The general formula for alkanes is CnH2n+2. Each carbon atom in an alkane is tetrahedral.

Which of the following options correctly describe how to name the alkene shown? Select all that apply.

There are 2 alkyl branches in this compound. The parent chain is pentene. The double bond is located at C2.

How many hydrogen atoms is/are needed for each carbon atom in the following structure to be saturated?

a = 3; b = 2; c = 1

Compounds that contain the hydroxyl functional group (-OH) bonded to an sp3-hybridized carbon atom are called _____.

alcohols

Alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes are all examples of _____ hydrocarbons.

aliphatic

A hydrocarbon containing at least one C=C double bond is called a(n) ____.

alkene

A compound containing a CΞC triple bond is called a(n) _____. This type of compound has _____ hydrogen atoms than an alkane with the same number of carbon atoms.

alkyne; 4 fewer

An organic compound that contains one or more benzene rings is called an _____ compound, whereas an _____ compound does not contain any benzene rings.

aromatic; aliphatic

Amines are weak organic _____.

bases

Carbon is unique in its ability to form extremely long, stable chains of carbon atoms because _____.

bonds between carbon atoms are relatively short and strong

Alkenes are compounds that contain at least one _____ double bond.

carbon-carbon

The C=O group is called the _____ group. This group characterizes aldehydes and ketones.

carbonyl

The functional group —O||C—OHO||—C—OH characterizes __.

carboxylic acids

For straight-chain alkanes, boiling point increases with chain length because _____. (Select all that apply.)

dispersion forces are stronger between larger molecules the surface area of the molecules increases, leading to more interactions between neighboring molecules

As the size of an alkane molecule increases, the strength of the _____ forces between the molecules increases and the boiling point will _____.

dispersion; increase

The functional group shown here is a(n) _____ group.

ester

An alkene contains a C=C double bond. This results in the compound having _____ hydrogen atoms than an alkane with the same number of carbon atoms. Alkenes are therefore considered to be ____.

fewer; unsaturated

The compounds shown here are correctly identified as _____.

identical

Alkanes are termed __ hydrocarbonds because they have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms bonded with the number of carbon atoms present.

saturated

An alkane contains only carbon to carbon __ bonds and the carbon atoms are __ hybridized.

single; sp^3

Compounds that have the same molecular formula but a different skeletal connectivity of atoms are called _____.

structural isomers

Two compounds that differ in the connectivity of their carbon skeletons are Two compounds that have the same basic skeleton, but different spatial arrangements of their atoms are Structural isomers Optical isomers

structural isomers optical isomers are not mirror images of each other are nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other

Both structural and optical isomers have identical molecular formulas. However, _____ isomers have different skeletal structures and different properties, while _____ isomers have identical physical and chemical properties in an achiral environment.

structural; optical

When drawing a structural formula for an organic compound with no double bonds, a line pointing to the right is ______ a line pointing down because single bonds allow ____. Assume that the structure is not making use of wedge-dash format.

the same as; free rotation

Constitutional or structural isomers have _____ molecular formula but _____ skeletal connectivity of their atoms.

the same; different

The presence of a carbon-carbon _____ bond is a characteristic feature of alkynes.

triple

Compounds such as CH3NH2 act most readily as _______.

weak bases

Which of the following statements correctly describe alkanes? Select all that apply.

-Alkanes contain carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen single bonds. -Alkanes are known as saturated hydrocarbons.

Determine the relationship between each of the following structures and the alkane 2-methylbutane (shown). A B C

-Identical compound -Different, unrelated compound -Structural isomer

Alcohols contain the _____ group, also called a(n) _____ group.

-OH; hydroxyl

Which of the following options correctly describe optical isomers and structural isomers? Select all that apply.

-Optical isomers have the same connectivity. -Structural isomers differ in their connectivity. -Optical isomers contain chiral carbon atoms.

Which of the following options correctly describe alkenes? Select all that apply.

-The compound C6H12 could be an alkene. -The carbon atoms of the C=C double bond in an alkene are sp2-hybridized.

In a substitution reaction, _____ bond(s) is/are replaced by _____ bond(s).

1 σ; 1 σ

During the addition reaction of an alkene, _____ π bond(s) is/are broken and ____ σ bond(s) is/are formed.

1; 2