Chapter 24: The Building of European Supremacy

Webbs

-Sidney and Beatrice -led Fabian society with H.G. Wells, Graham Wallace, and Bernhard Shaw

Popular Front Government 1936

-Socialist Party served in its cabinet

Women and universities

-colleges began establishing women's schools late in the 19th century -reform moved from west to east but lack of earlier education made acceptance hard, men were scared of being replaced

Urban populations 1850-1911

-greater percentage of population lived in cities, especially Germany and France -immigrants to city faced harsh conditions, unemployment, and racial prejudices Europe became more urbanized than ever: rural migrants to cities often uprooted from traditional social ties. Immigrants faced harsh conditions, unemployment, and racial prejudices.

Union of German Women Organization (BDFK)

-wanted to improve social conditions, education, and righ tto other protections -supported by Germany's social democratic party

Poverty and prostitution

-women unsuccessfully seeking employment fell into poverty and prostitution, less common in manufacturing towns -legal with minimal regulation

1914 WWI Breaks out

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Bismarck and SPD

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Democratic Revolution (1905)

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Evolutionary Socialism (1899)

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Family size

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Female sexuality and reproduction

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Millicent Faucett

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National Council of French Women (CNFF)

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Norway Female Suffrage 1907

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Reflections of Violence (1908)

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Subjection of Women (1869)

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Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the Bourgeois

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Cult of Domesticity

..., the ideal woman was seen as a tender, self-sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for her children and a peaceful refuge for her husband, social customs that restricted women to caring for the house

Confederation Generale du Travail

1895, regarded itself as rival to socialist parties; improve worker's conditions through direct action, syndicalism (unions)

Sergei Witte

A highly influential policy maker who presided over extensive industrialization within the Russian Empire. He was the author of the October Manifesto and was the Prime Minister of the Russian Empire. He was heavily involved in economics of Russia and pursued an ambitious program of railway construction.

First International

A loose association of socialist parties and labour unions in Western Europe, organized in 1864

Urban sanitation

A widespread feeling arose that only when the health and housing of the working class were improved, would the middle-class health be secure and political order stable.

Zionism

A worldwide movement, originating in the 19th century that sought to establish and develop a Jewish nation in Palestine. Since 1948, its function has been to support the state of Israel.

Zemstvos

Alexander II created this in 1864 - a system of provincial and district councils which were elected by various groups including peasants. It was to deal with education, medical relief, public welfare, food supply, and roads in their areas. DID help develop civic sentiment and gave some administrative experience. Many liberals urged a similar body for all of Russia - a ZEMSKY SOBOR/DUMA, but Alexander II refused.

1882 Married Women's Property Act

Allowed married women to own property in GB -other countries were slower

National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies

An organization, headed by Millicent Garrett Fawcett, that campaigned vigorously for women's voting rights in Britain during the period 1905-1914.

Georges Haussmann

Associated with the rebuilding of Paris. Made it "revolution-proof". Made it more sanitary and hospitable. Made the streets too broad for revolutionaries to be able to barricade them. New importance was given to trains, as well.

"White collar workers"

At the very bottom of the middle class system resided the "white collar workers" (lower middle class- petit bourgeoisie)—secretaries, retail clerks, lower-level bureaucrats who sought to rise in status and purchased many consumer goods (such as stylish clothing and furniture. Often pursued educational opportunities and jumped on chances of career advancement.

Petit Bourgeoisie

Bottom of middle class system. See: "white collar workers"

The Métro

By 1870s, mechanical trams were operating in Paris, and construction of the métro began in 1895, long after London (1863).

European suburbs

Commercial development, railway construction, and clearing of slums displaced many city dwellers and raised urban land values and rents. The middle-classes began looking for more affordable houses away from urban congestion, resulting in the development of suburbs surrounding cities. -European suburbs often consisted of apartment buildings or private houses built close together with small lawns and gardens.

The Second International

Communist-based meeting, the first of which was organized by Marx and held in 1864, were meant to afford a central medium of communication and cooperation... for the working class, etc."

Trans-Siberian Railroad

Constructed in 1870s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; completed by the end of the 1880s; brought Russia into a more active Asian role.

Unemployment

Economic Difficulties: In the last quarter of the 1800s, bad weather and foreign competition put pressures on European agriculture. Several banks failed in 1873, and some industries entered a 20-year long period of stagnation (regarded now as depression.) There were pockets of unemployment and strikes/other forms of labor unrest.

Euro migrations 1846-1932

European emancipation of serfs allowed for a massive movement of people in the later half of the 1800s—legal movement and migration easier, as well as facilitated by railways, steamships, and better roads. People were enticed by cheaper land and better wages in North America, Latin America, and Australia, helping relieve social/population pressures on the Continent, and leading to a huge impact of European civilization on other cultures.

Vladimir Lenin

Founder of the Russian Communist Party, this man led the November Revolution in 1917 which established a revolutionary soviet government based on a union of workers, peasants, and soldiers.

Emperor William II

German emperor who gave Austria-Hungary a "blank check," promising Germany's full support if war broke out between Russia and Austria-Hungary

Karl Marx

German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary. With the help and support of Friedrich Engels he wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (1867-1894). These works explain historical development in terms of the interaction of contradictory economic forces, form the basis of all communist theory, and have had a profound influence on the social sciences.

Pogroms

Government supported attacks against Jews in Russia

Suffragettes

Group of women in England in second half of 19th century who were seeking vote for women. Resorted to amazingly unEnglish behavior - chained themselves to railings, public buildings, smashed store windows, broke porcelains. When imprisoned, they went on hunger strikes. Also wanted educational, professional, legal and occupational equality with men.

David Lloyd George

He was the British representative at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. He pushed for a revenge-based treaty at Versailles, hampering the 14 points.

Bloody Sunday

In Russia 1905 Russian soldiers inadvertently opened fire on demonstrators, turning them against the tsar. Possibly the start of the Revolution.

Henry Bessemer

In the 1850s, Henry Bessemer, an English engineer, discovered the Bessemer process for manufacturing steel cheaply in large quantities.

What is to be Done? (1902)

In this book Lenin: 1. Criticized trade unions that settled for short-term gains 2. Rejected the idea of a mass democratic party composed of workers 3. Advocated an elite group that would be dedicated to revolution 4. Demanded strict secrecy among party members

October Manifesto

Issued in Russia because of fear of a general strike. Granted full civil rights and a popular parliament- Duma.

Father Gabon

Leader of the peaceful manifestation of January 22nd 1905. Was encouraged by police because he was perceived as a moderate/safety valve. "fled to Finland after bloody Sunday".

Emmeline Pankhurst

Leads movement to win women's vote (suffrage) through militant (radical, sometimes violent) means

Parliament Act of 1911

Legislation that deprived the House of Lords of veto power in all money matters. (realistically curtails the power of the House of Lords).

Working class women

Many found jobs in working in early industrialization. Jobs such as shoemaking hatmaking and clothing manufacture. However it became a badge of respectability for wives to remain at home

German Social Democratic Party (SPD)

Married revolutionary Marxist rhetoric with an organized political party competing for the Reichstag. Worked to enact legislation to improve conditions for the working class

Krupp/Smith Families

Middle-class families who gained wealth and status through industry, and were thus taken into aristocratic circles (able to work their way in.)

Napoleon III

Nephew of Napoleon I and Emperor of the French from 1852 to 1871.

Housing Reform

Now that information about working-class living conditions had spread to middle and upper classes, middle-class reformers turned to housing reform to solve medical, moral, and political dangers posed by slums. -belief that good housing led to good family life and strong patriotic feelings.

London's Crystal Palace

Originally erected in London, England, to house the Great Exhibition of 1851, at which examples of the latest technology developed during the Industrial Revolution were displayed.

Department Stores

Provided jobs and helped to bring on a new era of consumerism among the middle class.

Bolsheviks

Radical Marxist political party founded by Vladimir Lenin in 1903. Under Lenin's leadership, the Bolsheviks seized power in November 1917 during the Russian Revolution.

Kulaks

Rich peasants in the Russian Empire who owned larger farms and used hired labour. They were their own class.

Russo-Japanese War

Russia and Japan were fighting over Korea, Manchuria, etc. Began in 1904, but neither side could gain a clear advantage and win. Both sent reps to Portsmouth, NH where TR mediated Treaty of New Hampshire in 1905. TR won the Nobel peace prize for his efforts, the 1st pres. to do so.

P.A. Stolypin

Russian Prime Minister during later Days of the empire. Used forces and hanging stop peasant unrest but also tried to for agrarian reforms. Gave nobles and wealthy more and more influence in the Duma.

Constitutional Democratic Party (Cadets)

Russian party of liberals and constitutionalists, more interested in getting a nationally elected parliament than the troubles of factory workers

Rasputin

Siberian peasant monk who was religious advisor in the court of Nicholas II

Gas and Water Socialism

Socialist solution to the problem of economic power and its abuse that was widely adopted at the municipal level in public utilities and transportation but was otherwise not seriously considered as a general policy.

Report of the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring

Starting in the 1840s, physicians and gov't officials began to publicize the dangers of unsanitary conditions associated with overcrowding in cities and w/ businesses like basement slaughterhouses. -In 1842, Edwin Chadwick published his Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Laboring Population, shocking the English public.

Eiffel Tower

The Eiffel Tower was built in 1889 and the Basilica of the Sacred Heart in 1914, both symbolized the social and political divisions b/w liberals and conservatives in the Third Republic.

Public Health Act of 1848

The Public Health Act of 1848 in Britain, the Melun Act of 1851 in France, and various laws/legislation in Germany introduced new restraints on private life and enterprise, in the name of safety/health. -This act created the National Board of Health and gave power to the city governments to establish modern sanitary systems and encouraged local cities and towns to pass sanitary measures.

Louis Pasteur

The bacterial theory of disease (Louis Pasteur in France, Robert Koch in Germany, and Joseph Lister in Britain) made cleanliness an even more prominent public concern.

Duma

The elected parliament. Though through establishing this it seemed like the Czar was giving his people power, in reality he could easily get rid of this if they made any laws or such that he didn't like.

Electricity

The first major power plant was constructed in 1881 in Great Britain, and soon after, factories, homes, streetcars and subway systems were electrified. (Application of electrical energy to production.)

Internal Combustion Engine/ Daimler/ Automobile

The internal combustion engine was invented in 1886, and placed on 4 wheels by Gottlieb Daimler in 1887 Automobile industry was formed. Only the rich had access to cars (a luxury item) until Henry Ford made a cheaper, much more accessible version. Britain and now Europe depended on oil for the use of cars and machinery.

"The New Paris"

The most famous and most extensive transformation of a city occurred in Paris, where great public buildings and squalid hovels stood near each other, the Seine river was merely an open sewer, and (in 1850) there did not exist a fully extensive map of Paris. Napoleon III thus decided that Paris must be redesigned, and appointed Georges Haussmann to oversee a vast reconstruction program. -Entire districts were destroyed to make way for new broad boulevards and streets—new street planning was also political: allowed for quick deployment of troops to put down riots, and removed areas where barricades could be erected. -The construction of the new Paris also required many new laborers (created thousands of new jobs.)

Population trends

The proportion of Europeans in the world's total population was greatest around 1900 (around 20%) than ever before or since. There were 447 million Europeans in 1910, after which birth and death rates stabilized, and birth rates in developing countries increased exponentially.

Sewers

These collect water from inside homes and businesses and carry it to treatment plants, where it is cleaned before it reaches streams and rivers.

Erfurt Program 1891

This was formulated under the political influence of Bebel and ideology of Karl Kautsky. In good Marxist fashion, the program declared the imminent doom of capitalism and the necessity of socialist ownership of the means of production. Kautsky argued that since revolution was inevitable, the first task for socialists was to improve workers' lives rather than work for revolution. Done through the SPD.

Mir

Village commune where the emancipated serfs lived and worked collectively in order to meet redemption payments to the government.

Second Industrial Revolution

While the First Industrial Revolution is generally known for the production of textiles, steam and iron, the Second Industrial Revolution is associated with steel, chemicals, electricity, and oil.

Fabianism

a British intellectual socialist movement, whose purpose is to advance the principles of Social democracy via gradualist and reformist, rather than revolutionary means. It is best known for its initial ground-breaking work beginning late in the 19th century and continuing up to World War I. The society laid many of the foundations of the Labour Party and subsequently affected the policies of states emerging from the decolonisation of the British Empire, especially India.

Soviets

a Russian council composed of representatives from the workers and soldiers.

Cholera

a treatable infectious disease that can be fatal and is caused by a lack of adequate sanitation and a clean water supply Cholera struck all classes in the 1830s and 1840s, prompting the middle class to demand action. Although physicians and sanitary reformers had the facts behind their theory wrong, they knew that that they needed to clean up the cities.

Trade Unions

early labor organizations that brought together workers in the same trade, or job, to fight for better wages and working conditions

National Insurance Act 1911

in Great Britain; helped along by Lloyd George; provided benefits for workers in case of sickness and unemployment, included a small pension for retirees over 70

Revolution of 1905

result of discontent from Russian factory workers and peasants as well as an emerging nationalist sentiment among the empires minorities.

Revisionism

socialist thought that disagreed with Marx's formulation; believed that social and economic progress could be achieved through existing political institutions

"Opportunism"

the art, policy, or practice of taking advantage of opportunities or circumstances often with little regard for principles or consequences