PSY 0010 Final Review Coutanche

As this person's theories lost credibility, researching sleep became almost a taboo A. Freud B. Erikson C. Watson D. Piaget

A. Freud

Which of the following is true of algorithms and heuristics for solving real-life problems? A. Heuristics are shortcut strategies. B. Algorithms lead to different answers to a given problem. C. Heuristics guarantee a solution to a problem. D. Algorithms are faster than heuristics.

A. Heuristics are shortcut strategies.

The enhancements in remembering that are produced from experiencing an emotion during the event in question, is likely due to the amygdala: A. Interacting with the hippocampus. B. Interacting with brain areas responsible for visual processing. C. Interacting with the striatum. D. Interacting with the hypothalamus.

A. Interacting with the hippocampus.

In which of the following ways does functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) detect the functioning of the brain? A. It exploits changes in blood oxygen that occur in association with brain activity. B. It measures the amount of glucose in various areas of the brain. C. It places electrodes on the scalp to detect brain-wave activity. D. It establishes a cause-effect relationship between variables associated with brain activity.

A. It exploits changes in blood oxygen that occur in association with brain activity.

Which of the following individuals would be least likely to show memory decline at a given age: A. Sally, a woman who received her PhD and enjoys trying new things and experiences B. Fred, a man who is a retired mechanic who enjoys watching football and playing board games C. Bill, a man who was once a professional boxer who often has difficulty remembering events from his childhood D. Susan, a woman who enjoys running and playing tennis, but is considered to be "set in her ways"

A. Sally, a woman who received her PhD and enjoys trying new things and experiences

How does depression manifest itself differently in Eastern (i.e Chinese) vs. Western (i.e. European) cultures? A. Western - dampened emotional reactivity in response to emotional films B. Western - greater reactivity to emotional films (including positive films) C. Eastern - less reactivity to emotional films D. A and C

A. Western - dampened emotional reactivity in response to emotional films

You are studying in your dorm room, but your neighbor is blasting the television in the adjacent room. When you gently request that your neighbor turn the volume down until you cannot hear it, you are asking your neighbor to make the volume less than your A. absolute threshold. B. difference threshold. C. minimum transduction level. D. basilar level.

A. absolute threshold.

According to Piaget, accommodation occurs when individuals A. adjust their schemas to new information. B. incorporate new information into existing schemas. C. are deprived of parental warmth and sensitivity. D. are insecurely attached to their caregivers.

A. adjust their schemas to new information.

Psychologists who adopt a(n) _____ approach examine behavior and mental processes through focusing on the body, especially the brain and nervous system. A. biological B. psychodynamic C. behavioral D. evolutionary

A. biological

Lauren is at the airport waiting to board her flight. She initiates a friendly conversation with another passenger. Despite the noise at the airport and multiple announcements being made at the same time, Lauren is able to focus on what the passenger is saying. This scenario best demonstrates the A. cocktail-party effect. B. Stroop effect. C. volley principle. D. sound shadow.

A. cocktail-party effect.

The Type A behavior pattern is defined by a cluster of characteristics, including being excessively A. competitive, hard-driven, impatient, and hostile. B. relaxed, easygoing, flexible, and carefree. C. optimistic, resilient, friendly, and intelligent. D. assertive, introverted, angry, and rational.

A. competitive, hard-driven, impatient, and hostile.

Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder in which individuals A. fall unexpectedly into a deep sleep in the middle of daily activities. B. have difficulty falling asleep at the hour at which they would like. C. wake up earlier than desired, sometimes several times a night. D. stop breathing while they are sleeping.

A. fall unexpectedly into a deep sleep in the middle of daily activities.

You come to a conclusion that Carla is a naturally anxious woman. You ignore the fact that Carla is currently taking finals and working 40 hours per week. You are demonstrating the A. fundamental attribution error. B. universality mistake. C. self-serving bias. D. availability heuristic.

A. fundamental attribution error.

Mark's dog, Gus, sits whenever he says, "Sit." Mark now wants to teach Gus a new trick. He wants to teach him to bark each time he says, "Speak," but whenever Mark says, "Speak," Gus sits. The dog's behavior is most likely an example of A. generalization. B. habituation. C. contiguous occurrences. D. contingent occurrences.

A. generalization.

When using the computer as an analogy to explain the relationship between cognition and the brain, the brain is described as the computer's _____ and cognition is described as its _____. A. hardware/software B. software/hardware C. hardware/hard drive D. software/random-access memory (RAM)

A. hardware/software

According to the _____, people have the ability to control their lives and are not simply controlled by the environment. A. humanistic approach B. psychodynamic approach C. evolutionary approach D. behaviorism approach

A. humanistic approach

Because research has suggested that sleep deprivation improves some symptoms of depression, Dr. Mark begins to use sleep deprivation as an alternative treatment with her depressed clients. Which goal of psychology is she fulfilling? A. influence B. description C. prediction D. understanding

A. influence

Edna loves McDonald's sweet tea. Whenever she sees the famous "golden arches," she drives right in and orders a sweet tea. This best illustrates the effect of _____ on her eating behavior. A. learned associations B. negative reinforcement C. avoidance learning D. modeling

A. learned associations

Which of the following types of cells in the nervous system handle the information-processing function? A. neurons B. glial cells C. sclerenchyma cells D. sensors

A. neurons

Robert, a nine-year-old boy, loves watching wrestling on TV. Last night, he used several of the aggressive wrestling moves on his little brother. Which of the following theories best explains William's behavior? A. observational learning B. frustration-aggression theory C. identity crisis D. cognitive dissonance

A. observational learning

Parents warn a new babysitter that their son, Dennis, is very aggressive and mischievous. As a result of this initial expectation, the babysitter starts calling Dennis "Dennis the Menace," and he behaves in ways that elicit aggressive and mischievous behaviors from Dennis. This example best demonstrates the phenomenon called A. self-fulfilling prophecy. B. self-serving bias. C. fundamental attribution error. D. social conditioning.

A. self-fulfilling prophecy.

While walking barefoot on the beach, the physical pain one experiences when stepping on a jellyfish most accurately exemplifies A. sensation. B. perception. C. incubation. D. photoreception.

A. sensation.

The factor that differentiates top-down processing from bottom-up processing is that, top-down processing A. starts with cognitive processing in the brain. B. begins with the external world. C. means taking in information and trying to make sense of it. D. cannot happen in the absence of a stimulus.

A. starts with cognitive processing in the brain.

Which of the following is true of cultural scripts? A. they are organized units of knowledge, which shape assumptions and expectancies about how people behave B. they prevent us from rapidly and automatically retrieving information C. cultural scripts are resistant to contextual priming D. A and C

A. they are organized units of knowledge, which shape assumptions and expectancies about how people behave

Dr. Barnes conducts an experiment to determine whether relaxation training that reduces anxiety will also reduce chronic pain. She recruits patients from the local pain clinic to participate in an 8-week intervention. Half of the participants receive weekly relaxation training treatment and the other half receive their usual treatment (which does not include relaxation). Participants are asked to report their level of pain on a scale of 1 to 10 before the study begins and after it ends. Based on this scenario, the independent variable is ________ and the dependent variable is ________. A. treatment type; pain B. anxiety; treatment type C. pain; anxiety D. pain; relaxation

A. treatment type; pain

Which of the following is NOT a belief of the psychodynamic perspectives of personality? A. Childhood experiences shape adult personality. B. A person's personality can be truly understood by focusing exclusively on his or her behavior. C. Individuals do not truly have a unique personality. D. Personality does not influence conscious behavior.

B. A person's personality can be truly understood by focusing exclusively on his or her behavior.

_____ is an eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation. A. Binge-eating disorder B. Anorexia nervosa C. Schizophrenia D. Dissociative identity disorder

B. Anorexia nervosa

_____ may help us to generalize, whereas _____ may help us accomplish a goal. A. Problem solving/concepts B. Concepts/problem solving C. Algorithms/artificial intelligence (AI) D. Artificial intelligence (AI)/algorithms

B. Concepts/problem solving

In the context of memory processes, which of the following scenarios best illustrates a situation that likely most involves encoding information? A. Alex, a five-year-old boy, is reciting his alphabets. B. Deborah is watching a movie in the theater. C. Daniel is writing an essay on the dinosaurs he learned about last week. D. Mike is painting a picture of a woman he used to know.

B. Deborah is watching a movie in the theater.

Which of the following statements is true of individuals diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)? A. Individuals with OCD have an intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in social situations. B. Individuals with OCD dwell on their doubts and repeat their routines sometimes hundreds of times a day C. Individuals with OCD experience recurrent, sudden onsets of intense terror, often without warning and with no specific cause. D. Individuals with OCD can easily ignore or dismiss negative, intrusive thoughts.

B. Individuals with OCD dwell on their doubts and repeat their routines sometimes hundreds of times a day

When conducting an experiment on time management, Jamie assigns everyone who arrives before noon to the experimental group and everyone who arrives after noon to the control group. In the context of experimental research methods, what is wrong with Jamie's experiment? A. The experiment is not ethical. B. Jamie has not used true random assignment. C. Jamie has introduced a confederate into the experiment. D. The experiment is deceptive.

B. Jamie has not used true random assignment.

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement? A. Martha improves her grades in English and Math so that her mom can take her shopping as she had promised earlier. B. Jeff wakes up a few seconds before his alarm clock goes off in order to avoid the obnoxious alarm sound. C. Rodney mows the lawn more than once a week so as to get $10 from his mother every time he mows the lawn. D. Barney rapidly increases the sales of his product and ensures complete sale of his stock so that he can get the full 20% bonus as promised by his employer.

B. Jeff wakes up a few seconds before his alarm clock goes off in order to avoid the obnoxious alarm sound.

Which of the following is true of the role of cues and how they impact older people? A. Older people have worse access to memories when cues are similar in structure to the word B. Older people have improved access to memories when cues are similar in structure to the word C. Older people have improved access to memories when cues are not similar in structure to the word D. Older people's access to memories is not influenced by cues

B. Older people have improved access to memories when cues are similar in structure to the word

Which of the following structures of language does not match its definition: A. Syntax: rules for combining words to form phrases and sentences B. Semantics: use of language, such as inflection C. Morphology: rules for word formation D. Phonology: basic units of sound

B. Semantics: use of language, such as inflection

Leonard is addicted to heroin, but is very careful about overdosing. He always uses a specific amount and takes it only in his apartment. On Friday, he became desperate for the drug while visiting with another drug user. This was the first time he had used heroin outside his own apartment. He injected his normal "safe" dose of heroin but almost died of an overdose. According to the principles of classical conditioning what led to Leonard's condition? A. Leonard's friend switched his drugs in order to teach him not to use drugs by switching his unconditioned stimulus (US) with his conditioned stimulus (CS). B. The effect of the heroin was increased because Leonard injected it in a strange environment and his body was not prepared to take the effect under the new setting. C. Leonard's drug tolerance had reached its limits and his US was confounded with his CS and UR. D. Leonard took his dose too soon and his body already had too much.

B. The effect of the heroin was increased because Leonard injected it in a strange environment and his body was not prepared to take the effect under the new setting.

What did Harry Harlow demonstrate in his classic study of attachment amongst baby monkeys? A. The monkeys were more attached to the artificial mothers that gave milk. B. The monkeys were more attached to the artificial mothers that were warm and soft. C. The monkeys displayed no preference for either cloth or wire artificial mothers. D. The monkeys unexpectedly preferred wire artificial mothers over cloth ones.

B. The monkeys were more attached to the artificial mothers that were warm and soft.

Why are young children and older people more susceptible to developing false memories? A. They encode items in a much more vivid way. B. They have limited attentional resources. C. They have greater cognitive problems in general D. They are more confident in the accuracy of their memories.

B. They have limited attentional resources.

Which of the following theorists primarily used the structuralism approach to studying human behavior? A. William James B. Wilhelm Wundt C. Charles Darwin D. Sigmund Freud

B. Wilhelm Wundt

Which of the following psychologists would be most likely to conduct research on how a child processes information and solves problems? A. a psychoanalyst B. a cognitive psychologist C. a humanistic psychologist D. a behavioral psychologist

B. a cognitive psychologist

Elaine is writing a paper about reactions to the tragedy that occurred at the Twin Towers on September 11, 2001. She interviews ten of her classmates and asks them to remember that day. She is surprised to learn that nearly all of the students she interviewed offer very detailed, vivid accounts of where they were and what they were doing when they first learned of the terrorist attacks. Elaine has discovered that most of her classmates have _____ of September 11, 2001. A. a repressed memory B. a flashbulb memory C. implicit but not explicit memories D. extrasensory perception

B. a flashbulb memory

The brief wave of positive electrical charge that sweeps down the axon is A. resting potential. B. action potential. C. graded potential. D. polarized potential.

B. action potential.

Cones A. are receptors in the cornea that are insensitive to light. B. are receptor cells that are used for color perception. C. function best at night or under low illumination conditions. D. are concentrated in the blind spot.

B. are receptor cells that are used for color perception.

Jenna constantly experiences feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness. Jenna's doctor, Jacob, advises her to start taking antidepressant drugs that contain serotonin and dopamine. According to Dr. Jacob's diagnosis, Jenna's depression is a result of the imbalance and improper functioning of the neurotransmitters in her brain. In the context of the theoretical approaches to psychological disorders, this diagnosis conforms to the A. sociocultural approach. B. biological approach. C. psychological approach. D. social cognitive approach.

B. biological approach.

Dr. Ambrose is administering an intelligence test, and one question asks, "During what month of the year does the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) basketball championship games start?" Students from various groups within the U.S., as well as students from other countries, may have problems with this question because it is probably A. gender biased. B. culturally biased. C. unreliable. D. generalized.

B. culturally biased.

In psychological terms, a(n) _____ is an aroused state that occurs because of a physiological need. A. need B. drive C. instinct D. reflex

B. drive

Tim and Margaret are enjoying a picnic on the edge of a large forest. Suddenly, a huge black bear invades their space and heads for the picnic basket. According to the James-Lange theory of emotions, the couple will A. experience fear and have a jump in their heart-rate as a result of feeling the emotion of fear. B. experience a jump in their heart-rate and experience the emotion of fear as a result of the physical changes in their bodies. C. experience a jump in their heart-rate and experience the emotion of fear simultaneously. D. see the bear, conclude that they should be feeling fear, and then experience a jump in their heart-rate and emotion of fear.

B. experience a jump in their heart-rate and experience the emotion of fear as a result of the physical changes in their bodies.

The Gestalt psychologists described a principle of perception that says that when we perceive a visual stimulus, part of what we see is the center of attention, which is called the ________; the rest of what we see is the ________. A. ground; figure B. figure; ground C. target; figure D. target; ground

B. figure; ground

Gladys is a therapist who regularly reminds her clients that people have a natural capacity for personal growth and positive qualities. Gladys likely endorses the _____ of personality. A. psychodynamic perspective B. humanistic perspective C. learning perspective D. trait perspective

B. humanistic perspective

When you are asked to recall your first day of kindergarten, you rely on _____, whereas when you are asked to recall the name of a person you just met a few seconds ago, you rely on _____. A. sensory memory/long-term memory B. long-term memory/short-term memory C. long-term memory/procedural memory D. semantic memory/long-term memory

B. long-term memory/short-term memory

Which of the following terms is not paired with its correct description: A. base-rate neglect; ignoring info about general principles B. loss aversion; predicting probability based on ease of recall C. confirmation bias; searching only for info that supports your ideas D. representativeness heuristic; making judgments based on stereotypes

B. loss aversion; predicting probability based on ease of recall

Which of the following is the first step in the scientific method? A. testing through empirical research B. observing some phenomenon C. drawing conclusions D. formulating hypotheses and predictions

B. observing some phenomenon

What infant-perception research technique involves giving an infant a choice of what object to look at and then looking for a reliable preference for one stimulus over the other? A. habituation B. preferential looking C. aphasia D. object permanence

B. preferential looking

The Ponzo illusion makes lines that are actually equal in length appear to be unequal in length. This illusion is accomplished by _______. A. creating linear completion B. providing cues that make one of the lines appear farther away than the other C. tricking the eye into moving along one line more quickly than the other D. presenting more than one Gestalt grouping principle at the same time

B. providing cues that make one of the lines appear farther away than the other

Social psychologists believe that _____ is particularly strong during the early stages of a relationship, and that _____ increases as the relationship grows and matures. A. affectionate love/romantic love B. romantic love/affectionate love C. consensual validation/romantic love D. consensual validation/passionate love

B. romantic love/affectionate love

Derek is watching an airplane fly by. The plane seems to get smaller as it goes farther away. Which of the following aspects of perceptual constancy allows Derek to understand that the airplane is not getting smaller? A. shape constancy B. size constancy C. apparent movement D. pattern recognition

B. size constancy

Psychologists who examine learning from a behavioral perspective define learning as A. the result of mental activities such as thinking and reasoning. B. the relatively stable, observable changes in a person's actions. C. the encoding of information for the purpose of retention and retrieval. D. a form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into a problem.

B. the relatively stable, observable changes in a person's actions.

Attribution theory A. is an explanation of how behaviors influence attitudes. B. views people as motivated to discover the underlying causes of their behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior. C. suggests that we feel uneasy when we notice an inconsistency between what we believe and what we do. D. is a theory of social comparison which posits that when individuals lack objective means to evaluate their opinions and abilities, they compare themselves with others.

B. views people as motivated to discover the underlying causes of their behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior.

If you were tasked with creating a false memory for someone using a photograph of when they were young, what would you ask for? A. A laptop with an attached EEG device. B. A laptop configured to show photographs at rapid (sub-conscious) durations. C. A laptop with photo-editing software. D. None of the above would help me.

C. A laptop with photo-editing software.

Which of the following statements about critical thinking is FALSE? A. Critical thinking is the process of thinking deeply and actively, asking questions, and evaluating the evidence. B. Critical thinking comes into play when scientists consider the conclusions they draw from research. C. Critical thinking increases the likelihood that conclusions will be based on unreliable personal beliefs, opinions, and motions. D. Critical thinkers question and test what some people say are facts.

C. Critical thinking increases the likelihood that conclusions will be based on unreliable personal beliefs, opinions, and motions.

Which of the following is a difference between cross-sectional and longitudinal studies? A. Unlike cross-sectional studies, longitudinal studies are affected by cohort effects. B. Cross-sectional studies deal with people of the same age, whereas longitudinal studies deal with people belonging to different age groups. C. Cross-sectional studies assess people at one point in time, whereas longitudinal studies assess people over a long period of time. D. Cross-sectional studies assess participants multiple times, whereas longitudinal studies assess participants only once.

C. Cross-sectional studies assess people at one point in time, whereas longitudinal studies assess people over a long period of time.

Which of the following is a feature of the deepest level of processing in memory? A. It is usually confined to analyzing the physical features of a stimulus. B. It deals with recognizing and labeling a stimulus. C. It involves thinking about the meaning of a stimulus. D. It predominantly uses the amygdala of the human brain.

C. It involves thinking about the meaning of a stimulus.

Which of the following is true regarding learning through operant conditioning? A. Organisms learn the association between two stimuli. B. Organisms learn behaviors implicitly, without being reinforced. C. Organisms learn the association between behaviors and their consequences. D. Organisms learn to act by imitating others.

C. Organisms learn the association between behaviors and their consequences.

You wake up and remember a very vivid dream. During which sleep stage did that dream likely occur? A. stage 2 B. non-REM C. REM D. equally likely in either REM or non-REM

C. REM

According to the science of psychology, a behavior is a(n) A. feeling that is acknowledged. B. attitude that can be changed. C. action that can be directly observed. D. goal for life.

C. action that can be directly observed.

According to Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, _____ intelligence predominantly involves the ability to design, invent, originate, and imagine. A. intrapersonal B. analytical C. creative D. naturalist

C. creative

Which of the following is not one of the phases of memory we discussed in class? A. storage B. encoding C. deduction D. retrieval

C. deduction

All of the following are classified as anxiety disorders, EXCEPT A. specific phobia. B. panic disorder. C. depression. D. social anxiety disorder.

C. depression.

Michael is a first-year college student who really wants to do well in his classes. According to research discussed in class, if Michael wants to achieve better learning and memory, he should use ______ practice instead of ______ practice. A. massed; cramming B. massed; distributed C. distributed; massed D. distributed; spaced

C. distributed; massed

Which of the following factors does health psychology not directly focus on? A. social B. behavioral C. financial D. cognitive

C. financial

Charles knows that he has the ability to create an almost infinite number of sentences from a finite set of words and rules. This ability refers to the _______ characteristic of language. A. displacement B. structured C. generative D. semantic

C. generative

Lilly, a young girl, was severely isolated during her childhood days. Because her parents never communicated with her in words, Lilly lacked exposure to language during her early childhood years. Although she was able to make some language advances while in extensive rehabilitation, Lilly, as an adult, still speaks in short, two- or three-word sentences. This scenario suggests that language development A. can occur rapidly in adulthood, despite childhood deficiencies. B. is entirely shaped by biology and genetics. C. is influenced by the environment. D. can be inherited

C. is influenced by the environment.

According to the all-or-nothing principle, A. if all the neurons in a network are not integrated, the "message" carried by the neurons will be lost. B. the amount of time a neuron must "rest" in between firing episodes is stable. C. once the electrical impulse reaches a certain level of intensity, it fires and moves all the way down the axon without losing any intensity. D. as a person ages, his or her neurological system slows down and the intensity of neural impulses decreases significantly.

C. once the electrical impulse reaches a certain level of intensity, it fires and moves all the way down the axon without losing any intensity.

When Sandra was 18 years old, she was in a serious car accident. Although she made a full recovery from her injuries, she experienced extreme anxiety afterward. Sandra is now very anxious when driving, has nightmares about the accident, and flinches when she goes through intersections. Sandra has symptoms suggestive of A. generalized anxiety disorder. B. social phobia. C. post-traumatic stress disorder. D. panic disorder.

C. post-traumatic stress disorder.

You arrive at your friend's apartment for a big party at the end of the semester. When you first arrive, the music is so loud that it almost hurts your ears. After a couple of hours, even though the music is still at the same volume, it no longer bothers you or seems that loud. This change in your sensations describes the process of A. auditory adjustment. B. transduction. C. sensory adaptation. D. sensory deprivation.

C. sensory adaptation.

Which of the following is not a benefit of sleep? A. sleep helps protect new memories from interference B. sleep enhances aspects of our memories C. sleep only allows us to focus on one concept at a time D. sleep strengthens procedural memories

C. sleep only allows us to focus on one concept at a time

Paolo believes that when children are learning language, they keep track of lots of things that are said, and that they are able to learn patterns of how words tend to occur with different objects or concepts. Paolo most likely believes in the ______. A. behaviorist theory of language learning B. nativist theory of language acquisition C. statistical theory of language learning D. language acquisition device

C. statistical theory of language learning

Which of the following is not true of humans during late adulthood: A. speed of processing generally declines B. wisdom increases in some individuals C. strategy training and physical activity can decrease cognitive functioning D. memory retrieval skills decline

C. strategy training and physical activity can decrease cognitive functioning

Michael, a researcher in the field of neuroscience, has a theory about a specific area of the brain causing difficulties in face recognition. To draw a solid causal inference, he intends to test his hypothesis on dogs by disrupting regions of their brains and examining the effects of this disruption on the dogs' face-recognition capacity. Which of the following techniques should be used by Michael to achieve his purpose? A. computerized axial tomography (CAT scan) B. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) C. transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) D. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

C. transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

To increase the chance of incorporating misinformation into a person's memory, a scientist should. A. Ask about the false memory on multiple occasions. B. Ensure the misinformation is very vivid. C. Have them imagine the suggested memory. D. All of the above.

D. All of the above.

_____ is a severe psychological disorder that is characterized by highly disordered, psychotic thought processes. A. Social anxiety disorder B. Anorexia nervosa C. Generalized anxiety disorder D. Schizophrenia

D. Schizophrenia

When we study variation across cultures, which of the following are consistent across many cultures? A. body language B. facial expressions C. basic emotions D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Which of the following is an ineffective coping mechanism for stress? A. procrastination B. aggression C. self-medication (alcohol, drugs) D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Marshall's cerebellum was damaged in a car accident. Marshal is likely to have problems with A. breathing and heart rate. B. seeing and hearing. C. talking and understanding. D. balance and muscle coordination.

D. balance and muscle coordination.

Jake was looking across the room at his cat. After the cat left the room, he looked back at the book he had been reading. When he did this, both of his eyes turned slightly inward to focus on the book. What process best describes the turning of Jake's eyes in this situation? A. retinal disparity B. accommodation C. size constancy D. convergence

D. convergence

Self-report personality tests A. rely on a professional's diagnosis or opinion. B. ask the test taker to interpret ambiguous stimuli. C. determine people's personality based on behavioral observation. D. directly ask people whether specific items describe their personality traits.

D. directly ask people whether specific items describe their personality traits.

Which of the following essential body functions are under the control of the autonomic nervous system? A. functions of reproductive system B. excretory functions C. sensory functions such as vision and hearing D. functions of heart rate, breathing, and digestion

D. functions of heart rate, breathing, and digestion

An individual who has been experiencing persistent worry for the past 6 months and unable to specify the cause or source of her nervous feelings likely suffers from A. schizophrenia. B. post-traumatic stress disorder. C. a panic disorder. D. generalized anxiety disorder.

D. generalized anxiety disorder.

A _____ is a person's genetic heritage, his or her actual genetic material. A. prototype B. phenotype C. endophenotype D. genotype

D. genotype

A powerful surge of oxytocin is released in a ______. A. person who is in shock after a car accident B. young boy on a roller-coaster ride C. long-distance runner D. mother who has just given birth

D. mother who has just given birth

The tendency for perceptions of objects to remain relatively unchanged in spite of changes in raw sensations is called _______. A. monocular constancy B. the figure-ground principle C. linear perspective D. perceptual constancy

D. perceptual constancy

John, who is jealous of his older brother, states that his older brother hates him and is jealous of him. This scenario best illustrates the defense mechanism of A. regression. B. repression. C. sublimation. D. projection.

D. projection.

Doug didn't train very well for the half marathon and he was out late partying the night before. He did OK but was beat by his arch rival, Pete. As a result, Doug trains very hard for his next half marathon so that he can beat Pete. In this example, we would say that being beaten by Pete served as a ______ for Doug because he stopped going out and partying the night before a race. Or, you could say that being beaten by Pete served as a ______ for Doug because his training increased so that he wouldn't be beat by Pete again in the future. A. punisher; penalty B. punisher; positive reinforcer C. positive reinforcer; punisher D. punisher; negative reinforcer

D. punisher; negative reinforcer

Chunking involves A. quickly scanning information for relevant details. B. immediately forgetting relevant information. C. using Miller's framework for memory retrieval. D. reorganizing information that exceeds the 7 plus or minus 2 rule into small meaningful units.

D. reorganizing information that exceeds the 7 plus or minus 2 rule into small meaningful units.

The _____ approach to personality places emphasis on conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals. A. psychodynamic B. humanistic C. trait D. social cognitive

D. social cognitive

Which of the following is most closely associated with the nurture side of the nature versus nurture debate? A. biological inheritances B. range of phenotypes C. genotypic characteristics D. social experiences

D. social experiences

Cognitive dissonance theory states that in order to reduce dissonance, individuals A. change attitudes in order to be more popular. B. change behavior in order to be more popular. C. do not perceive a discrepancy between attitudes and behavior. D. try to align their attitudes and behavior.

D. try to align their attitudes and behavior.

George is looking at the colors on a paint swatch card to select the right shade of red for his wall. He is able to differentiate between the various shades of red on the card and makes a quick decision. His perception of the differences in the shades can be attributed to the _____ of light reflecting from the shades. A. gradients B. timbres C. frequencies D. wavelengths

D. wavelengths