A&P 2 Final review

A person with untreated diabetes mellitus may exhibit all of the following symptoms except -hyperglycemia -glucosuria -excessive thirst -polyuria -hypoglycemia.

hypoglycemia

The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is -TSH -ACTH -FSH -LH -GH.

LH

Which of the following might occur in an overdose of insulin? -polyuria -high blood glucose -ketoacidosis -glycosuria -low blood glucose

Low blood glucose

The statement "Its postganglionic axons always use acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter" is -true only for the somatic nervous system -true only for the sympathetic nervous system -true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems -true only for the parasympathetic nervous system -not true for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems.

True only for parasympathetic nervous system

Describe the two types of diabetes mellitus

The two types of diabetes mellitus are type 1, characterized by inadequate insulin production; and type 2, characterized by insulin resistance. (which is inadequate vs which is resistant)

Thyroxine and calcitonin are secreted by the -thyroid gland -pituitary gland -heart -kidneys -gonads.

Thyroid gland

Postganglionic sympathetic axons release the neurotransmitter ________ at their effector junctions. -acetylcholine -acetylcholine or nitric oxide or norepinephrine -norepinephrine -nitric oxide -None of the answers is correct.

acetylcholine or nitric oxide or norepinephrine

A certain drug decreases heart rate by blocking a receptor on cardiac pacemaker cells. This drug probably binds to ________ receptors. -nicotinic cholinergic -beta-1 adrenergic -muscarinic cholinergic -alpha-2 adrenergic -alpha-1 adrenergic

beta 1 adrenergic

The functional organization of the nervous system parallels that of the ________ system in many ways. -integumentary -endocrine -cardiovascular -body -muscular

Endocrine

________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues. -Neurotransmitters -Paracrine factors -Hormones -Neuropeptides -None of the answers is correct.

Hormones

Define the prefixes hyper- and hypo- in the context of endocrine disorders.

Hyper refers to excessive hormone production. Hypo refers to inadequate hormone production.

Mary accidentally ate poisonous mushrooms that contain muscarine. What would not occur? diarrhea constriction of respiratory passageways reduction in heart rate feeling of euphoria and increased energy constriction of the pupil

feeling of euphoria and increased energy

Compare the anatomy of the sympathetic division with that of the parasympathetic division.

In the SNS, axons emerge from the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord and innervate ganglia relatively close to the spinal cord. In the PNS, axons emerge from the brainstem and sacral segments of the spinal cord and innervate ganglia very close to or within the target organs.

What is the effect of increased glucagon levels on the amount of glycogen stored in the liver? -Increased glucagon will increase the amount of glycogen stored in the liver -Increased glucagon will decrease the amount of glycogen stored in the liver -Increased glucagon will not change the amount of glycogen stored in the liver.

Increased glucagon will decrease the amount of glycogen stored in the liver

All of the following are true of the nervous system, except that it doesn't -respond rapidly to stimuli -respond with motor output -communicate by the release of neurotransmitters -function independently of the endocrine system -respond specifically to stimuli.

function independently of the endocrine system

Muscarinic receptors -control sodium channels in the affected membrane -are found mostly in autonomic ganglia -are blocked by norepinephrine -always produce an excitatory response -are normally activated by acetylcholine.

-are normally activated by acetylcholine

Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of -ADH -TSH -ACTH -LH -OXT.

ADH

Which of the following is a known effect of thyroid hormone on peripheral tissues? -increased heart rate -increased oxygen consumption -increased sensitivity to adrenergic stimulation -increased body temperature -All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct

The hypophyseal portal system -carries neurosecretions to the anterior lobe of the pituitary -has two capillary plexuses connected by short veins -does not transport ADH and oxytocin -All of the answers are correct -None of the answers is correct.

All the answers are correct

Hormones known as "catecholamines" are -amino acid derivatives -steroids - derivatives of reproductive glands -lipids -peptides.

Amino acid derivatives

In general, the effects of natriuretic peptides are ________ to those of the renin-angiotensin system. -synergistic -additive -permissive -integrative -antagonistic

Antagonistic

Which of the following statements about the endocrine system is false? -It releases hormones, all of which are lipids, directly into the bloodstream -It has target cells that are mainly in distant tissues -It affects only cells with appropriate receptors -It releases secretions directly into body fluids -It is regulated by negative feedback mechanisms

It releases hormones, all of which are lipids, directly into the bloodstream

Which type of receptor is sensitive to changes in blood pH? photoreceptors proprioceptors baroreceptors chemoreceptors mechanoreceptors

Chemoreceptors

During sympathetic activation, which of the following would not occur? -elevated blood pressure -increased sweating -elevated heart rate -constriction of pupil -elevated blood glucose

Constriction of pupil

Alpha cells are to ________ as beta cells are to ________. somatostatin; -insulin -glucagon; somatostatin -pancreatic polypeptide; insulin -insulin; glucagon -glucagon; insulin

glucagon; insulin

Hormones that dominate during the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) are the mineralocorticoids catecholamines glucocorticoids androgens gonadotropins.

glucocorticoids

Hormones that regulate the male and female reproductive organs are collectively called -eicosanoids -steroids -gonadotropins -releasing hormones -inhibiting hormones.

gonadotropins

The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is -growth hormone -MSH -prolactin -ACTH -insulin.

growth hormone

All target cells -have hormone receptors and can respond to chemical signals -have hormone receptors -secrete hormones and have hormone receptors -can respond to chemical signals -secrete hormones.

have hormone receptors and can respond to chemical signals

A person is confronted by a dangerous dog. His heart begins to race and beat strongly, his pupils dilate, and his hairs stand up. These signs are not the result of -increased activity of autonomic centers in the hypothalamus -stimulation of the cardioacceleratory reflex -sympathetic activation -stimulation of the pancreas to release insulin -increased levels of epinephrine in the blood.

increased activity of autonomic centers in hypothalamus

Sympathetic activation leads to all of the following except -vasodilation to skeletal muscle -increased heart rate -increase in alertness -vasoconstriction to digestive organs -increased release of insulin

increased release of insulin

Decreased blood flow to the kidneys would not lead to which of the following? -increased release of ADH -elevated blood levels of angiotensin -increased blood levels of renin -increased blood levels of erythropoietin -increased release of natriuretic peptide

increased release of natriuretic peptide

Activation of the renin-angiotensin system would result in all of the following except -Elevated blood pressure -increased water retention -increased retention of sodium ions at the kidney -increased urine production -increased blood volume

increased urine production

The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar to enter its target cells is insulin cortisol somatotropin erythropoietin glucagon.

insulin

Thyroid hormone contains the element -zinc -fluorine -chlorine -iron -iodine.

iodine

The condition known as goiter can result from too much insulin little glucagon little TSH much ACTH little iodine in the diet.

little iodine in the diet

In general, parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are ________ and postganglionic fibers are ________. long; long short; short long; short short; long

long short

Regulatory hormones that control secretion of anterior pituitary hormones are released by neurons at the ________ of the hypothalamus. -infundibulum -geniculate -bodiessupra-optic nuclei -paraventricular nuclei -median eminence

median eminence

Name the hormones secreted by the heart. -thymosin -antidiuretic hormone -erythropoietin -natriuretic peptides -thrombopoietin

natriuretic peptides

Nicotinic receptors -respond to epinephrine -open chemically gated sodium ion channels -open chemically gated calcium ion channels -respond to norepinephrine -are found at neuroeffector junctions of the autonomic nervous system.

open chemically gated sodium ion channels

When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the -second messenger appears in the cytoplasm -cell becomes inactive -cell membrane becomes depolarized -hormone is transported to the nucleus where it alters the activity of DNA -hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm.

second messenger appears in the cytoplasm

Most sympathetic effector junctions release norepinephrine but a significant number release acetylcholine instead. Which of these is an example of an organ of the cholinergic type? a blood vessel in the skin the heart the salivary glands the liver a sweat gland

the salivary glands

he sympathetic division of the ANS is also known as which of the following? -resting division -craniosacral division -thoracolumbar division -somatic division -both somatic division and craniosacral division

thoracolumbar division

Define hormone receptor. (Module 16.4A) -A hormone receptor is a protein located outside or inside the cell that binds with a specific hormone -A hormone receptor is a protein located within the cell that binds with a specific hormone -A hormone receptor is a protein located outside the cell that binds with a specific hormone -A hormone receptor is a protein located outside the cell that causes depolarization of the cell upon specific hormone binding -A hormone receptor is protein that causes the release of neurotransmitters upon specific hormone binding.

A hormone receptor is a protein located outside or inside the cell that binds with a specific hormone

Define baroreceptors. Where are baroreceptors located within the body? -Baroreceptors are nociceptors that detect pain. They are located throughout the somatic and visceral systems of the body -Baroreceptors are stretch receptors that detect changes in pressure. They are located along the digestive tract, within the walls of the urinary bladder, in the carotid and aortic sinuses, and in the lungs -Baroreceptors are thermoreceptors that detect changes in temperature. They are primarily located in the skin and hypothalamus -Baroreceptors are chemoreceptors that detect changes in pH. They are located within the medulla oblongata and in the carotid and aortic bodies -Baroreceptors are chemoreceptors that detect changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations. They are located within the medulla oblongata and in the carotid and aortic bodies.

Baroreceptors are stretch receptors that detect changes in pressure. They are located along the digestive tract, within the walls of the urinary bladder, in the carotid and aortic sinuses, and in the lungs

In which of the following organs are both chemoreceptors and baroreceptors associated with respiratory autonomic reflexes? -only aorta -only lungs -only carotid arteries -both lungs and aorta -both aorta and carotid arteries

Both aorta and carotid arteries

Dual innervation refers to an organ receiving -both autonomic and somatomotor nerves -nerves from both the brain and the spinal cord -both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation -two nerves from the spinal cord -two nerves from the spinal cord and both autonomic and somatomotor nerves.

Both sympa and parasympa innervation

The parasympathetic nervous system is especially active during which physiological state(s)? -digestion -stress -trauma -exertion -All of the answers are correct.

Digestion

Most vital organs receive ________ innervation. That is, they receive input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. -opposing -complementary -dual

Dual

Baroreceptors are not found in the -oral cavity -aorta -lungs -colon -digestive tract.

Oral cavity

The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is -GH -FSH -ACTH -PRL -TSH.

PRL

Quiz 3

Question1

The stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors does not lead to -cardiac muscle stimulation -relaxation of airway smooth muscle -an increase in metabolic activity -the breakdown of triglycerides within adipocytes -release of calcium from the ER.

Release of calcium from the ER

Stimulation of α1 adrenergic receptors by norepinephrine results in -an increase in the amount of intracellular cAMP. -increased membrane permeability to potassium ions. -decreased membrane permeability to sodium ion -a decrease in the amount of intracellular cAMP. -release of calcium ions from intracellular stores.

Release of calcium ions from intracellular stores

Cells can respond to ________ hormone(s) at a time. -several -only one -one or two -two

Several

Extracellular membrane receptors are used by all of the following types of hormones except -leukotrienes -prostaglandins -steroid hormones -peptide hormones -catecholamines.

Steroid hormones

Receptors for all of the following hormones are found in the cell membranes of target cells except peptide hormones catecholamines eicosanoids steroid hormones tryptophan derivatives

Steroid hormones

Which division of the ANS is responsible for the physiological changes you experience when startled by a loud noise? sympathetic division of the ANS enteric division of the ANS central division of the ANS effector division of the ANS parasympathetic division of the ANS

Sympathetic

The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is -TSH -ACTH -FSH -LH -GH.

TSH

The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually -cAMP -ATP -calcium ion levels -a G protein -cGMP.

a G protein

What neurotransmitter is released by all parasympathetic neurons? norepinephrine acetylcholine serotonin epinephrine dopamine

acetylcholine

Which neurotransmitter is released at the sympathetic chain ganglia? -dopamine -norepinephrine -endorphin -acetylcholine -All of the answers are correct.

acetylcholine

An inhaler used to treat airway constriction in asthma or allergy might contain a drug that -activates β1 or β2 adrenergic receptors -activates β1 adrenergic receptors -blocks muscarinic cholinergic receptors -activates β2 adrenergic receptors or blocks muscarinic cholinergic receptors -activates β2 adrenergic receptor

activates β2 adrenergic receptors or blocks muscarinic cholinergic receptor

Neurons that use norepinephrine as a transmitter are called -cholinergic -muscarinic -nicotinic -adrenergic

adrenergic

List the three phases of the stress response. -energy phase, response phase, and results phase -alarm phase, resistance phase, and exhaustion phase -awareness phase, accommodation phase, and renewal phase -alert phase, alterations phase, and homeostasis phase -fight phase, adjustment phase, and complications phase

alarm phase, resistance phase, and exhaustion phase

Autonomic tone is an important aspect of ANS function because it -allows ANS neurons to decrease their activity on demand but not increase their activity -allows ANS neurons to increase activity on demand but not decrease their activity -allows ANS neurons to be silent under normal conditions -allows ANS neurons to increase or decrease their activity, providing a range of control options -provides for a narrow range of control options that keeps target tissues constantly active.

allows ANS neurons to increase or decrease their activity, providing a range of control options

Two hormones that have opposing effects are called -permissive -synergists -antagonists -agonists -additive.

antagonist

Name the two lobes of the pituitary gland -superior lobe and inferior lobe -caudate lobe and quadrate lobe -greater lobe and lesser lobe -medial lobe and lateral lobe -anterior lobe and posterior lobe

anterior lobe and posterior lobe

Sympathetic nerves -are bundles of postganglionic fibers that innervate organs within the thoracic cavity -provoke feelings of sympathy -allow us to relax, rest, and recover -stimulate gastric secretion -control swallowing.

are bundles of postganglionic fibers that innervate organs within the thoracic cavity

A decrease in the autonomic tone of the smooth muscle in a blood vessel would result in -an increase in blood flow through the vessel -an increase in vessel diameter -a decrease in vessel diameter -oscillation in vessel diameter -both an increase in vessel diameter and an increase in blood flow through the vessel.

both an increase in vessel diameter and increase in blood flow through the vessel

he adrenal medullae secrete -renin -norepinephrine -epinephrine -medullin -both epinephrine and norepinephrine.

both epinephrine and norepinephrine

Which of the following would lead to increased heart rate? -decreased parasympathetic input -increased parasympathetic input -increased sympathetic input -decreased sympathetic input -both increased sympathetic input and decreased parasympathetic input

both increased sympathetic input and decreased parasympathetic input

TSH plays a key role in ________ of thyroid hormones. -only the inhibition -only the production -only the release -both inhibition and production -both production and release

both production and release

What thyroid hormone aids in calcium regulation? -thyroid-binding globulins -thyroxine -iodine -calcitonin -triiodothyronine

calcitonin

Growth hormone does all of the following except -promote muscle growth -promote bone growth -cause fat accumulation within adipocytes -promote amino acid uptake by cells.

cause fat accumulation within adipocytes

Each of the following effects is associated with the action of postganglionic sympathetic fibers except -dilation of the pupils -decreased heart rate -increased sweat secretion -increased blood flow to skeletal muscles -reduced circulation to the skin.

decreased heart rate

Parasympathetic functions include all of the following except -dilation of the airway -constriction of the pupils -stimulation of urination -stimulation of defecation -reduction in the rate of cardiac contraction.

dilation of the airways

Which of the following is mismatched? *endocrine communication — target cells are directly adjacent to each other *paracrine communication — molecules released in local area *autocrine communication — limited to the cell that secretes the chemical signal *direct communication — small solutes travel through gap junctions *synaptic communication — uses neurotransmitters that cross synapses

endocrine communication — target cells are directly adjacent to each other

The adrenal medulla produces the hormones -corticosterone and testosterone -epinephrine and norepinephrine -androgens and progesterone -norcortisol and cortisol -epinephrine and androgen.

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Decreased blood calcium level would result in increased secretion of which hormone? -growth hormone -thyroid stimulating hormone -cortisol -parathyroid hormone -calcitonin

parathyroid hormone

When one hormone is needed for a second hormone to produce an effect, it is called -antagonistic -permissive -additive -agonistic -synergistic.

permissive

Melatonin is produced by the -kidneys -thymus -pineal gland -skin -heart

pineal gland

The term used to describe excess production of urine is -hematuria -glycosuria -polydipsia -polyuria. - none of the answers is correct.

polyuria

Which of the following statements concerning the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is false? -The ganglionic neurons always release acetylcholine -Preganglionic fibers are relatively short and postganglionic fibers are relatively long -The actions of the parasympathetic division are more localized than those of the sympathetic division -Preganglionic neurons are located in the brainstem and sacral region of the spinal cord -Ganglionic neurons are located in ganglia within or near to effectors.

preganglionic fibers are relatively short and postganglionic fibers are relatively long

The hypothalamus controls secretion by the anterior pituitary by -gap synaptic junctions -altering ion concentrations and pH in the anterior pituitary -indirect osmotic control -secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system -direct neural stimulation.

secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system

In general, sympathetic preganglionic fibers are ________ and postganglionic fibers are ________. -long; short -short; short -short; long -long; long

short; long

Chemoreceptors that play an important role in reflexive control of respiratory function are not affected by -pH -PO2 -PCO2 -sodium ion concentration -hydrogen ion concentration.

sodium ion concentration

Identify two major divisions of the ANS. -somatic division and parasympathetic division -central division and sympathetic division -sympathetic division and parasympathetic division -somatic division and sympathetic division -enteric division and the central division

sympa and parasympa division

In general, autonomic tone of peripheral blood vessels increases when -somatomotor stimulation is increased -parasympathetic stimulation is decreased -parasympathetic stimulation is increased -sympathetic stimulation is increased -sympathetic stimulation is decreased.

sympathetic stimulation is increased

Two hormones that have additive effects are called -synergists -permissive -agonists -co-factors -antagonists.

synergists

The statement "Preganglionic axon terminals release acetylcholine" is -true only for the somatic nervous system -true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems -not true for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems -true only for the sympathetic nervous system -true only for the parasympathetic nervous system.

true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems