A&P 2 Final review
A person with untreated diabetes mellitus may exhibit all of the following symptoms except -hyperglycemia -glucosuria -excessive thirst -polyuria -hypoglycemia.
hypoglycemia
The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is -TSH -ACTH -FSH -LH -GH.
LH
Which of the following might occur in an overdose of insulin? -polyuria -high blood glucose -ketoacidosis -glycosuria -low blood glucose
Low blood glucose
The statement "Its postganglionic axons always use acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter" is -true only for the somatic nervous system -true only for the sympathetic nervous system -true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems -true only for the parasympathetic nervous system -not true for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems.
True only for parasympathetic nervous system
Describe the two types of diabetes mellitus
The two types of diabetes mellitus are type 1, characterized by inadequate insulin production; and type 2, characterized by insulin resistance. (which is inadequate vs which is resistant)
Thyroxine and calcitonin are secreted by the -thyroid gland -pituitary gland -heart -kidneys -gonads.
Thyroid gland
Postganglionic sympathetic axons release the neurotransmitter ________ at their effector junctions. -acetylcholine -acetylcholine or nitric oxide or norepinephrine -norepinephrine -nitric oxide -None of the answers is correct.
acetylcholine or nitric oxide or norepinephrine
A certain drug decreases heart rate by blocking a receptor on cardiac pacemaker cells. This drug probably binds to ________ receptors. -nicotinic cholinergic -beta-1 adrenergic -muscarinic cholinergic -alpha-2 adrenergic -alpha-1 adrenergic
beta 1 adrenergic
The functional organization of the nervous system parallels that of the ________ system in many ways. -integumentary -endocrine -cardiovascular -body -muscular
Endocrine
________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues. -Neurotransmitters -Paracrine factors -Hormones -Neuropeptides -None of the answers is correct.
Hormones
Define the prefixes hyper- and hypo- in the context of endocrine disorders.
Hyper refers to excessive hormone production. Hypo refers to inadequate hormone production.
Mary accidentally ate poisonous mushrooms that contain muscarine. What would not occur? diarrhea constriction of respiratory passageways reduction in heart rate feeling of euphoria and increased energy constriction of the pupil
feeling of euphoria and increased energy
Compare the anatomy of the sympathetic division with that of the parasympathetic division.
In the SNS, axons emerge from the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord and innervate ganglia relatively close to the spinal cord. In the PNS, axons emerge from the brainstem and sacral segments of the spinal cord and innervate ganglia very close to or within the target organs.
What is the effect of increased glucagon levels on the amount of glycogen stored in the liver? -Increased glucagon will increase the amount of glycogen stored in the liver -Increased glucagon will decrease the amount of glycogen stored in the liver -Increased glucagon will not change the amount of glycogen stored in the liver.
Increased glucagon will decrease the amount of glycogen stored in the liver
All of the following are true of the nervous system, except that it doesn't -respond rapidly to stimuli -respond with motor output -communicate by the release of neurotransmitters -function independently of the endocrine system -respond specifically to stimuli.
function independently of the endocrine system
Muscarinic receptors -control sodium channels in the affected membrane -are found mostly in autonomic ganglia -are blocked by norepinephrine -always produce an excitatory response -are normally activated by acetylcholine.
-are normally activated by acetylcholine
Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of -ADH -TSH -ACTH -LH -OXT.
ADH
Which of the following is a known effect of thyroid hormone on peripheral tissues? -increased heart rate -increased oxygen consumption -increased sensitivity to adrenergic stimulation -increased body temperature -All of the answers are correct.
All of the answers are correct
The hypophyseal portal system -carries neurosecretions to the anterior lobe of the pituitary -has two capillary plexuses connected by short veins -does not transport ADH and oxytocin -All of the answers are correct -None of the answers is correct.
All the answers are correct
Hormones known as "catecholamines" are -amino acid derivatives -steroids - derivatives of reproductive glands -lipids -peptides.
Amino acid derivatives
In general, the effects of natriuretic peptides are ________ to those of the renin-angiotensin system. -synergistic -additive -permissive -integrative -antagonistic
Antagonistic
Which of the following statements about the endocrine system is false? -It releases hormones, all of which are lipids, directly into the bloodstream -It has target cells that are mainly in distant tissues -It affects only cells with appropriate receptors -It releases secretions directly into body fluids -It is regulated by negative feedback mechanisms
It releases hormones, all of which are lipids, directly into the bloodstream
Which type of receptor is sensitive to changes in blood pH? photoreceptors proprioceptors baroreceptors chemoreceptors mechanoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
During sympathetic activation, which of the following would not occur? -elevated blood pressure -increased sweating -elevated heart rate -constriction of pupil -elevated blood glucose
Constriction of pupil
Alpha cells are to ________ as beta cells are to ________. somatostatin; -insulin -glucagon; somatostatin -pancreatic polypeptide; insulin -insulin; glucagon -glucagon; insulin
glucagon; insulin
Hormones that dominate during the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) are the mineralocorticoids catecholamines glucocorticoids androgens gonadotropins.
glucocorticoids
Hormones that regulate the male and female reproductive organs are collectively called -eicosanoids -steroids -gonadotropins -releasing hormones -inhibiting hormones.
gonadotropins
The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is -growth hormone -MSH -prolactin -ACTH -insulin.
growth hormone
All target cells -have hormone receptors and can respond to chemical signals -have hormone receptors -secrete hormones and have hormone receptors -can respond to chemical signals -secrete hormones.
have hormone receptors and can respond to chemical signals
A person is confronted by a dangerous dog. His heart begins to race and beat strongly, his pupils dilate, and his hairs stand up. These signs are not the result of -increased activity of autonomic centers in the hypothalamus -stimulation of the cardioacceleratory reflex -sympathetic activation -stimulation of the pancreas to release insulin -increased levels of epinephrine in the blood.
increased activity of autonomic centers in hypothalamus
Sympathetic activation leads to all of the following except -vasodilation to skeletal muscle -increased heart rate -increase in alertness -vasoconstriction to digestive organs -increased release of insulin
increased release of insulin
Decreased blood flow to the kidneys would not lead to which of the following? -increased release of ADH -elevated blood levels of angiotensin -increased blood levels of renin -increased blood levels of erythropoietin -increased release of natriuretic peptide
increased release of natriuretic peptide
Activation of the renin-angiotensin system would result in all of the following except -Elevated blood pressure -increased water retention -increased retention of sodium ions at the kidney -increased urine production -increased blood volume
increased urine production
The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar to enter its target cells is insulin cortisol somatotropin erythropoietin glucagon.
insulin
Thyroid hormone contains the element -zinc -fluorine -chlorine -iron -iodine.
iodine
The condition known as goiter can result from too much insulin little glucagon little TSH much ACTH little iodine in the diet.
little iodine in the diet
In general, parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are ________ and postganglionic fibers are ________. long; long short; short long; short short; long
long short
Regulatory hormones that control secretion of anterior pituitary hormones are released by neurons at the ________ of the hypothalamus. -infundibulum -geniculate -bodiessupra-optic nuclei -paraventricular nuclei -median eminence
median eminence
Name the hormones secreted by the heart. -thymosin -antidiuretic hormone -erythropoietin -natriuretic peptides -thrombopoietin
natriuretic peptides
Nicotinic receptors -respond to epinephrine -open chemically gated sodium ion channels -open chemically gated calcium ion channels -respond to norepinephrine -are found at neuroeffector junctions of the autonomic nervous system.
open chemically gated sodium ion channels
When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the -second messenger appears in the cytoplasm -cell becomes inactive -cell membrane becomes depolarized -hormone is transported to the nucleus where it alters the activity of DNA -hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm.
second messenger appears in the cytoplasm
Most sympathetic effector junctions release norepinephrine but a significant number release acetylcholine instead. Which of these is an example of an organ of the cholinergic type? a blood vessel in the skin the heart the salivary glands the liver a sweat gland
the salivary glands
he sympathetic division of the ANS is also known as which of the following? -resting division -craniosacral division -thoracolumbar division -somatic division -both somatic division and craniosacral division
thoracolumbar division
Define hormone receptor. (Module 16.4A) -A hormone receptor is a protein located outside or inside the cell that binds with a specific hormone -A hormone receptor is a protein located within the cell that binds with a specific hormone -A hormone receptor is a protein located outside the cell that binds with a specific hormone -A hormone receptor is a protein located outside the cell that causes depolarization of the cell upon specific hormone binding -A hormone receptor is protein that causes the release of neurotransmitters upon specific hormone binding.
A hormone receptor is a protein located outside or inside the cell that binds with a specific hormone
Define baroreceptors. Where are baroreceptors located within the body? -Baroreceptors are nociceptors that detect pain. They are located throughout the somatic and visceral systems of the body -Baroreceptors are stretch receptors that detect changes in pressure. They are located along the digestive tract, within the walls of the urinary bladder, in the carotid and aortic sinuses, and in the lungs -Baroreceptors are thermoreceptors that detect changes in temperature. They are primarily located in the skin and hypothalamus -Baroreceptors are chemoreceptors that detect changes in pH. They are located within the medulla oblongata and in the carotid and aortic bodies -Baroreceptors are chemoreceptors that detect changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations. They are located within the medulla oblongata and in the carotid and aortic bodies.
Baroreceptors are stretch receptors that detect changes in pressure. They are located along the digestive tract, within the walls of the urinary bladder, in the carotid and aortic sinuses, and in the lungs
In which of the following organs are both chemoreceptors and baroreceptors associated with respiratory autonomic reflexes? -only aorta -only lungs -only carotid arteries -both lungs and aorta -both aorta and carotid arteries
Both aorta and carotid arteries
Dual innervation refers to an organ receiving -both autonomic and somatomotor nerves -nerves from both the brain and the spinal cord -both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation -two nerves from the spinal cord -two nerves from the spinal cord and both autonomic and somatomotor nerves.
Both sympa and parasympa innervation
The parasympathetic nervous system is especially active during which physiological state(s)? -digestion -stress -trauma -exertion -All of the answers are correct.
Digestion
Most vital organs receive ________ innervation. That is, they receive input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. -opposing -complementary -dual
Dual
Baroreceptors are not found in the -oral cavity -aorta -lungs -colon -digestive tract.
Oral cavity
The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is -GH -FSH -ACTH -PRL -TSH.
PRL
Quiz 3
Question1
The stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors does not lead to -cardiac muscle stimulation -relaxation of airway smooth muscle -an increase in metabolic activity -the breakdown of triglycerides within adipocytes -release of calcium from the ER.
Release of calcium from the ER
Stimulation of α1 adrenergic receptors by norepinephrine results in -an increase in the amount of intracellular cAMP. -increased membrane permeability to potassium ions. -decreased membrane permeability to sodium ion -a decrease in the amount of intracellular cAMP. -release of calcium ions from intracellular stores.
Release of calcium ions from intracellular stores
Cells can respond to ________ hormone(s) at a time. -several -only one -one or two -two
Several
Extracellular membrane receptors are used by all of the following types of hormones except -leukotrienes -prostaglandins -steroid hormones -peptide hormones -catecholamines.
Steroid hormones
Receptors for all of the following hormones are found in the cell membranes of target cells except peptide hormones catecholamines eicosanoids steroid hormones tryptophan derivatives
Steroid hormones
Which division of the ANS is responsible for the physiological changes you experience when startled by a loud noise? sympathetic division of the ANS enteric division of the ANS central division of the ANS effector division of the ANS parasympathetic division of the ANS
Sympathetic
The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is -TSH -ACTH -FSH -LH -GH.
TSH
The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually -cAMP -ATP -calcium ion levels -a G protein -cGMP.
a G protein
What neurotransmitter is released by all parasympathetic neurons? norepinephrine acetylcholine serotonin epinephrine dopamine
acetylcholine
Which neurotransmitter is released at the sympathetic chain ganglia? -dopamine -norepinephrine -endorphin -acetylcholine -All of the answers are correct.
acetylcholine
An inhaler used to treat airway constriction in asthma or allergy might contain a drug that -activates β1 or β2 adrenergic receptors -activates β1 adrenergic receptors -blocks muscarinic cholinergic receptors -activates β2 adrenergic receptors or blocks muscarinic cholinergic receptors -activates β2 adrenergic receptor
activates β2 adrenergic receptors or blocks muscarinic cholinergic receptor
Neurons that use norepinephrine as a transmitter are called -cholinergic -muscarinic -nicotinic -adrenergic
adrenergic
List the three phases of the stress response. -energy phase, response phase, and results phase -alarm phase, resistance phase, and exhaustion phase -awareness phase, accommodation phase, and renewal phase -alert phase, alterations phase, and homeostasis phase -fight phase, adjustment phase, and complications phase
alarm phase, resistance phase, and exhaustion phase
Autonomic tone is an important aspect of ANS function because it -allows ANS neurons to decrease their activity on demand but not increase their activity -allows ANS neurons to increase activity on demand but not decrease their activity -allows ANS neurons to be silent under normal conditions -allows ANS neurons to increase or decrease their activity, providing a range of control options -provides for a narrow range of control options that keeps target tissues constantly active.
allows ANS neurons to increase or decrease their activity, providing a range of control options
Two hormones that have opposing effects are called -permissive -synergists -antagonists -agonists -additive.
antagonist
Name the two lobes of the pituitary gland -superior lobe and inferior lobe -caudate lobe and quadrate lobe -greater lobe and lesser lobe -medial lobe and lateral lobe -anterior lobe and posterior lobe
anterior lobe and posterior lobe
Sympathetic nerves -are bundles of postganglionic fibers that innervate organs within the thoracic cavity -provoke feelings of sympathy -allow us to relax, rest, and recover -stimulate gastric secretion -control swallowing.
are bundles of postganglionic fibers that innervate organs within the thoracic cavity
A decrease in the autonomic tone of the smooth muscle in a blood vessel would result in -an increase in blood flow through the vessel -an increase in vessel diameter -a decrease in vessel diameter -oscillation in vessel diameter -both an increase in vessel diameter and an increase in blood flow through the vessel.
both an increase in vessel diameter and increase in blood flow through the vessel
he adrenal medullae secrete -renin -norepinephrine -epinephrine -medullin -both epinephrine and norepinephrine.
both epinephrine and norepinephrine
Which of the following would lead to increased heart rate? -decreased parasympathetic input -increased parasympathetic input -increased sympathetic input -decreased sympathetic input -both increased sympathetic input and decreased parasympathetic input
both increased sympathetic input and decreased parasympathetic input
TSH plays a key role in ________ of thyroid hormones. -only the inhibition -only the production -only the release -both inhibition and production -both production and release
both production and release
What thyroid hormone aids in calcium regulation? -thyroid-binding globulins -thyroxine -iodine -calcitonin -triiodothyronine
calcitonin
Growth hormone does all of the following except -promote muscle growth -promote bone growth -cause fat accumulation within adipocytes -promote amino acid uptake by cells.
cause fat accumulation within adipocytes
Each of the following effects is associated with the action of postganglionic sympathetic fibers except -dilation of the pupils -decreased heart rate -increased sweat secretion -increased blood flow to skeletal muscles -reduced circulation to the skin.
decreased heart rate
Parasympathetic functions include all of the following except -dilation of the airway -constriction of the pupils -stimulation of urination -stimulation of defecation -reduction in the rate of cardiac contraction.
dilation of the airways
Which of the following is mismatched? *endocrine communication — target cells are directly adjacent to each other *paracrine communication — molecules released in local area *autocrine communication — limited to the cell that secretes the chemical signal *direct communication — small solutes travel through gap junctions *synaptic communication — uses neurotransmitters that cross synapses
endocrine communication — target cells are directly adjacent to each other
The adrenal medulla produces the hormones -corticosterone and testosterone -epinephrine and norepinephrine -androgens and progesterone -norcortisol and cortisol -epinephrine and androgen.
epinephrine and norepinephrine
Decreased blood calcium level would result in increased secretion of which hormone? -growth hormone -thyroid stimulating hormone -cortisol -parathyroid hormone -calcitonin
parathyroid hormone
When one hormone is needed for a second hormone to produce an effect, it is called -antagonistic -permissive -additive -agonistic -synergistic.
permissive
Melatonin is produced by the -kidneys -thymus -pineal gland -skin -heart
pineal gland
The term used to describe excess production of urine is -hematuria -glycosuria -polydipsia -polyuria. - none of the answers is correct.
polyuria
Which of the following statements concerning the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is false? -The ganglionic neurons always release acetylcholine -Preganglionic fibers are relatively short and postganglionic fibers are relatively long -The actions of the parasympathetic division are more localized than those of the sympathetic division -Preganglionic neurons are located in the brainstem and sacral region of the spinal cord -Ganglionic neurons are located in ganglia within or near to effectors.
preganglionic fibers are relatively short and postganglionic fibers are relatively long
The hypothalamus controls secretion by the anterior pituitary by -gap synaptic junctions -altering ion concentrations and pH in the anterior pituitary -indirect osmotic control -secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system -direct neural stimulation.
secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system
In general, sympathetic preganglionic fibers are ________ and postganglionic fibers are ________. -long; short -short; short -short; long -long; long
short; long
Chemoreceptors that play an important role in reflexive control of respiratory function are not affected by -pH -PO2 -PCO2 -sodium ion concentration -hydrogen ion concentration.
sodium ion concentration
Identify two major divisions of the ANS. -somatic division and parasympathetic division -central division and sympathetic division -sympathetic division and parasympathetic division -somatic division and sympathetic division -enteric division and the central division
sympa and parasympa division
In general, autonomic tone of peripheral blood vessels increases when -somatomotor stimulation is increased -parasympathetic stimulation is decreased -parasympathetic stimulation is increased -sympathetic stimulation is increased -sympathetic stimulation is decreased.
sympathetic stimulation is increased
Two hormones that have additive effects are called -synergists -permissive -agonists -co-factors -antagonists.
synergists
The statement "Preganglionic axon terminals release acetylcholine" is -true only for the somatic nervous system -true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems -not true for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems -true only for the sympathetic nervous system -true only for the parasympathetic nervous system.
true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems
