Chapter 24-The Urinary System-D2L Questions-A and P II-Biol 2402

Which statement is TRUE regarding antidiuretic hormone (ADH)? A.ADH causes the kidneys to produce very dilute urine. B.ADH increases the permeability of the late distal tubule and cortical collecting ducts to water. C.ADH is secreted in response to low potassium ions in the blood. D.ADH promotes water loss and increases urine output.

B.ADH increases the permeability of the late distal tubule and cortical collecting ducts to water.

How does atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) contribute to a decrease in blood volume and systemic blood pressure? A.ANP dilates both the afferent and efferent arterioles. B.ANP dilates the afferent arteriole and constricts the efferent arteriole. C.ANP constricts the afferent arteriole and dilates the efferent arteriole. D.ANP constricts both the afferent and efferent arterioles.

B.ANP dilates the afferent arteriole and constricts the efferent arteriole.

Creatinine, urea, uric acid, and ammonium ions are too large to pass through the filtration membrane. A.True B.False

B.False

Filtrate and whole blood contain identical constituents. A.True B.False

B.False

The function of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is to decrease systemic blood pressure. A.True B.False

B.False

The juxtamedullary apparatus acts as a special vascular system called the countercurrent exchanger. A.True B.False

B.False

Urine dripping from a renal pyramid passes first into the major calyx then into the minor calyx. A.True B.False

B.False

Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole increases glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP) and the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). A.True B.False

B.False

Podocytes in fenestrated glomerular capillaries prevent the filtration of large molecules such as: A.nitrogenous wastes. B.albumin. C.amino acids. D.glucose.

B.albumin.

Dilute urine is more likely to be produced when: A.the distal tubule is permeable to water. B.antidiuretic hormone (ADH) release is decreased. C.sodium and chloride ions are reabsorbed from the descending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle). D.the collecting system is permeable to water.

B.antidiuretic hormone (ADH) release is decreased.

Items reclaimed during tubular reabsorption are returned to the: A.collecting system. B.blood. C.renal pelvis. D.minor calyx.

B.blood.

What do the macula densa cells regulate in their role as part of the tubuloglomerular feedback loop? A.changes in the glomerular colloid osmotic pressure (GCOP) B.changes in glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP) C.changes in renal clearance D.changes in blood pH

B.changes in glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)

What does the countercurrent mechanism accomplish in the nephron loop? A.secretion of water and electrolytes into the filtrate B.creation of a steep concentration gradient for continued water reabsorption C.production of very dilute urine D.constriction of the arterioles to increase blood pressure

B.creation of a steep concentration gradient for continued water reabsorption

Which of the following is the capillary bed fed by the afferent arteriole and drained by the efferent arteriole? A.macula densa cells B.glomerulus C.peritubular capillaries D.vasa recta

B.glomerulus

The indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the: A.calyx. B.hilum. C.pyramid. D.pelvis.

B.hilum.

The cells of the macula densa and the juxtaglomerular (JG) cells form the: A.renal corpuscle. B.juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA). C.nephron loop (loop of Henle). D.filtration membrane.

B.juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA).

Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can do all of the following, EXCEPT: A.increase renin secretion. B.lower blood volume and blood pressure. C.increase blood concentration of angiotensin-II (A-II). D.constrict both the afferent and efferent arterioles.

B.lower blood volume and blood pressure.

Which of the following is NOT part of the urinary system? A.kidney B.spleen C.urethra D.ureter

B.spleen

Renal clearance is defined as: A.the percent of blood plasma that passes through the filtration membrane. B.the rate at which the kidneys remove a substance from the blood. C.the amount of filtrate formed by both kidneys in one minute. D.the amount of filtrate that is reabsorbed during one day.

B.the rate at which the kidneys remove a substance from the blood.

In the ascending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle), the: A.movement of water and solutes is passive. B.thick segment is impermeable to water but permeable to sodium and chloride ions. C.thin segment is not permeable to sodium ions, chloride ions, or water. D.thick segment is permeable to water but impermeable to sodium and chloride ions.

B.thick segment is impermeable to water but permeable to sodium and chloride ions.

What is renal clearance used to estimate? A.glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP) B.net filtration pressure (NFP) C.countercurrent exchange D.glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

D.glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

The main force that promotes filtration in a nephron is: A.colloid osmotic pressure (COP). B.glomerular colloid osmotic pressure (GCOP). C.capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP). D.glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP).

D.glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP).

The right kidney sits ________ to the left kidney due to the position of the liver. A.medial B.superior C.posterior D.inferior

D.inferior

Where does blood in the arcuate artery travel next on its journey toward the glomerulus? A.segmental artery B.renal artery C.interlobar artery D.interlobular (cortical radiate) artery

D.interlobular (cortical radiate) artery

The functional units of the kidneys are: A.renal sinuses. B.glomeruli. C.renal pyramids. D.nephrons.

D.nephrons.

Which portion of the renal tubule has a brush border created by the presence of many microvilli? A.ascending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle) B.distal tubule C.descending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle) D.proximal tubule

D.proximal tubule

Erythropoietin is produced by the kidneys to: A.conserve or eliminate hydrogen and bicarbonate ions. B.regulate removal of metabolic wastes. C.regulate blood solute concentration. D.regulate red blood cell production by the bone marrow.

D.regulate red blood cell production by the bone marrow.

What are the two main divisions of the nephron? A.renal cortex and renal medulla B.renal pyramids and renal columns C.glomerulus and peritubular capillaries D.renal corpuscle and renal tubule

D.renal corpuscle and renal tubule

What are the three main regions of the kidney? A.renal pelvis, renal sinus, renal fascia B.renal sinus, renal medulla, renal cortex C.renal pelvis, renal medulla, renal cortex D.renal sinus, renal pelvis, renal cortex

C.renal pelvis, renal medulla, renal cortex

Reabsorption of filtered glucose from the filtrate into the cells of the proximal tubule is by: A.diffusion B.antiport C.secondary active transport D.facilitated diffusion

C.secondary active transport

Which vessel is present in the arterial pathway but missing from the venous pathway? A.interlobar B.arcuate C.segmental D.interlobular (cortical radiate)

C.segmental

What is coupled with glucose reabsorption using a symporter in the early part of the proximal tubule? A.hydrogen ions B.amino acids C.sodium ions D.bicarbonate ions

C.sodium ions

Urine is transported from kidney to the urinary bladder by the: A.urethra. B.aorta. C.ureter. D.inferior vena cava.

C.ureter.

Filtrate traveling through the renal tubule travels from the thick ascending limb to the: A.thin ascending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle). B.proximal tubule. C.thick descending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle). D.distal tubule.

D.distal tubule.

The glomerular filtration rate is defined as: A.the percent of blood plasma that passes through the filtration membrane. B.the amount of filtrate that is reabsorbed during a 24-hour period. C.the rate at which the kidneys remove a substance from the blood. D.the amount of filtrate formed by both kidneys in one minute.

D.the amount of filtrate formed by both kidneys in one minute.

The trigone of the urinary bladder is created by: A.the prostatic, membranous, and spongy urethra. B.the internal and external urethral orifices. C.the internal and external urethral sphincters. D.the openings to the two ureteral orifices and the internal urethral orifice.

D.the openings to the two ureteral orifices and the internal urethral orifice.

What is net filtration pressure (NFP) in the glomerular capillaries, in mm Hg? A.10 B.25 C.-5 D.0

A.10

What is the normal value for the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in mL/min? A.125 B.275 C.500 D.75

A.125

Jasmine has high blood pressure and an increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR). How does the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism restore normal pressure in her glomerulus? A.The juxtaglomerular (JG) cells decrease production of renin. B.The juxtaglomerular (JG) cells increase production of renin. C.The efferent arteriole constricts. D.The afferent arteriole vasodilates.

A.The juxtaglomerular (JG) cells decrease production of renin.

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP) is largely determined by systemic blood pressure. A.True B.False

A.True

Hydrogen ion secretion leads to bicarbonate ions reabsorption in order to maintain proper blood pH balance. A.True B.False

A.True

Since the thin descending limb of the nephron loop is permeable to water, and not very permeable to solutes, the concentration of the filtrate will increase as it reaches the bottom of the loop. A.True B.False

A.True

The glomerulus is fed and drained by arterioles. A.True B.False

A.True

The majority of sodium ions are reclaimed through sodium ion leak channels in the proximal tubule. A.True B.False

A.True

The proximal tubule is lined with simple cuboidal epithelium and microvilli. A.True B.False

A.True

Each of the following is typical of urine EXCEPT: A.a pH of 3.0. B.translucency. C.yellow color. D.mild odor.

A.a pH of 3.0.

What external covering protects the kidney from physical shock? A.adipose capsule B.renal fascia C.renal capsule D.renal pelvis

A.adipose capsule

What chemical is necessary for the transformation of angiotensin-I (A-I) into active angiotensin-II (A-II)? A.angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) B.angiotensinogen C.atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) D.renin

A.angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

Simple squamous epithelium is located in the: A.descending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle). B.proximal tubule. C.distal tubule. D.ascending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle).

A.descending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle).

What increases the permeability of the glomerulus by making the capillaries "leaky"? A.fenestrations B.microvilli C.tight junctions D.desmosomes

A.fenestrations

Which of the following is NOT a major function of the kidneys? A.hematopoiesis B.regulation of acid-base balance C.removal of metabolic wastes D.regulation of blood volume and blood pressure

A.hematopoiesis

Where are creatinine, ammonium ions, small amounts of urea, and drugs such as penicillin typically secreted? A.proximal tubule B.ascending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle) C.distal tubule D.collecting duct

A.proximal tubule

The portion of the renal tubule through which filtrate initially flows is known as the: A.proximal tubule. B.nephron loop (loop of Henle). C.collecting duct. D.distal tubule.

A.proximal tubule.

Which of these is a hormone that lowers blood volume and blood pressure? A.renin B.aldosterone C.atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) D.angiotensin-II (A-II)

A.renin

Urine drains from a major calyx into: A.the renal pelvis. B.the renal tubule. C.a papilla. D.a minor calyx.

A.the renal pelvis.

The yellow color of urine comes from the presence of: A.urochrome. B.ammonia. C.glucose. D.sodium ions.

A.urochrome.

The myogenic mechanism acts to restore the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by changing: A.vessel diameter. B.blood pH. C.blood pressure. D.tubular secretion of metabolic wastes.

A.vessel diameter.

Determine the correct order of the structure of the filtration membrane from deep to superficial. A.podocytes, basal lamina, fenestrated glomerular capillary endothelial cells B.basal lamina, podocytes, fenestrated glomerular capillary endothelial cells C.fenestrated glomerular capillary endothelial cells, podocytes, basal lamina D.fenestrated glomerular capillary endothelial cells, basal lamina, podocytes

D.fenestrated glomerular capillary endothelial cells, basal lamina, podocytes

How much urine, in liters, is typically produced in a 24-hour period? A.0.5 B.4.3 C.1.8 D.0.9

C.1.8

Which of the following is an effect of angiotensin-II (A-II)? A.A-II decreases systemic blood pressure. B.A-II dilates efferent arterioles. C.A-II promotes thirst. D.A-II decreases blood volume.

C.A-II promotes thirst

Which of the following is NOT a true statement about the cortical nephrons? A.Cortical nephrons are the most numerous type of nephron in the kidneys. B.Cortical nephrons have a short nephron loop (loop of Henle). C.Cortical nephrons are wrapped by the vasa recta. D.The renal corpuscle of a cortical nephron sits in the outer renal cortex.

C.Cortical nephrons are wrapped by the vasa recta.

What initiates the micturition reflex? A.The internal urethral sphincter relaxes. B.The external urethral sphincter relaxes. C.Stretch receptors in the wall of the urinary bladder signal the sacral region of the spinal cord. D.Parasympathetic efferent fibers stimulate the contraction of the detrusor muscle.

C.Stretch receptors in the wall of the urinary bladder signal the sacral region of the spinal cord.

Which of the following is NOT true about tubular reabsorption? A.Tubular reabsorption occurs via paracellular or transcellular routes. B.Tubular reabsorption may involve hormonal control. C.Tubular reabsorption is entirely a passive process. D.Tubular reabsorption moves items from the filtrate into the blood.

C.Tubular reabsorption is entirely a passive process

Which statement best describes the function of tubular reabsorption? A.Tubular reabsorption moves blood plasma through the filtration membrane of the glomerular capillaries. B.Tubular reabsorption moves items from the peritubular capillary blood into the filtrate. C.Tubular reabsorption reclaims items from filtrate and returns them to the blood. D.Tubular reabsorption removes toxins from the blood that was not filtered.

C.Tubular reabsorption reclaims items from filtrate and returns them to the blood.

Which of the following enhances obligatory water reabsorption? A.ATP B.presence of high levels of glucose in the filtrate C.aquaporins D.presence of aldosterone in the distal tubule

C.aquaporins

The reabsorption of bicarbonate ions in the proximal tubule helps regulate: A.blood volume. B.blood pressure. C.blood pH. D.blood solute concentration of sodium ions.

C.blood pH.

Compared to the male urethra, the female urethra: A.has no external urethral sphincter. B.transports both urine and semen. C.is shorter. D.consists of the prostatic, membranous, and spongy regions.

C.is shorter.

Which of the following will trigger the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) into action? A.high levels of sodium ions in the filtrate B.parasympathetic nervous system stimulation C.low blood pressure D.an increase in systemic blood pressure

C.low blood pressure

What process propels urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder in the ureters? A.osmosis B.secondary active transport C.peristalsis D.segmentation

C.peristalsis

What should NOT be found in filtrate? A.water and electrolytes B.acids and bases C.plasma proteins D.metabolic wastes

C.plasma proteins

Glomerular colloid osmotic pressure (GCOP) is created by: A.fluids in the blood plasma. B.filtrate in the capsular space. C.proteins such as albumin in the blood. D.systemic blood pressure.

C.proteins such as albumin in the blood.

Voluntary neural control is necessary for: A.relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter. B.contraction of the internal urethral sphincter. C.relaxation of the external urethral sphincter. D.contraction of the detrusor muscle.

C.relaxation of the external urethral sphincter.

The process of filtration occurs in the: A.collecting duct. B.proximal tubule. C.renal corpuscle. D.distal tubule.

C.renal corpuscle.

In which kidney region are the renal pyramids located? A.renal pelvis B.renal sinus C.renal medulla D.renal cortex

C.renal medulla

Place these vessels in the correct order as blood flows into and through the kidney. 1. afferent arteriole 2. arcuate artery 3. efferent arteriole 4. glomerulus 5. interlobar artery 6. interlobular (cortical radiate) artery 7. renal artery 8. segmental artery A.7, 5, 8, 6, 2, 4, 3, 1 B.7, 8, 2, 5, 6, 3, 4, 1 C.7, 8, 6, 2, 5, 1, 5, 3 D.7, 8, 5, 2, 6, 1, 4, 3

D.7, 8, 5, 2, 6, 1, 4, 3

What effect does high blood pressure have on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the absence of regulatory mechanisms? A.GFR will decrease, then increase. B.GFR will decrease. C.GFR will not change. D.GFR will increase.

D.GFR will increase.

How does the vessel diameter of the afferent arteriole change in order to decrease glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP) and restore the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) to normal? A.The afferent arteriole will vasodilate. B.The afferent arteriole has no effect on GHP and GFR. C.The afferent arteriole will vasoconstrict, then vasodilate. D.The afferent arteriole will vasoconstrict.

D.The afferent arteriole will vasoconstrict.

A glomerulus is: A.attached to the collecting duct. B.a hairpin loop segment of the renal tubule. C.the source of erythropoietin. D.a set of capillaries within the renal corpuscle.

D.a set of capillaries within the renal corpuscle.

Which hormones promote facultative water reabsorption? A.aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) B.atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and parathyroid hormone C.antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) D.aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

D.aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Substances used to measure renal clearance should be: A.secreted but neither filtered nor reabsorbed. B.filtered and reabsorbed, but not secreted. C.filtered, reabsorbed, and secreted. D.completely filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted.

D.completely filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted.

A drug that inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) may lead to: A.increased sodium reabsorption. B.increased blood volume. C.increased secretion of aldosterone. D.decreased blood pressure.

D.decreased blood pressure.