Chapter 25: Nutrition, Metabolism, and Temperature Regulation

complete protein

a _____ contains all adequate amounts of the 9 essential amino acids

cytoplasm

glycolysis occurs within the _____

radiative cooling conduction convention evaporation

heat is exchanged through _____, ____, ____, and ____

10

inactive = wt x ____

9

lipid digestion yeilds _____ cal/gram

15

moderately active = wt x _____

oxygen

glycolysis occurs with or without ____, but without it lactate accumulates

water soluble and lipid soluble

2 classes of vitamins:

absorptive and postabsorptive states

2 major metabolic states are:

Cholesterol and saturated fats

____ and ____ promote coronary artery disease

minerals

____ are obtained from animal and plant sources, are inorganic, and are necessary for normal metabolic rate

sodium/potassium

____ is important for osmotic balance and irritability of Cell membrane

Cellulose

____ is nondigestible, "bulk," and aids in GI motility

Fe

____ is part of hemoglobin

water soluble

____ vitamins are the B, C, and all the others. They remain a short time in the body and excess is quickly excreted from the body

lipid soluble

____ vitamins are the K, A, D, and E vitamins and can cross the cell membrane and can accumulate in toxic amounts

linoleic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)

_____ and ____ are examples of essential fatty acids

nutrients

_____ are chemicals used by the body to produce energy, provide building blocks or function in other chemical reactions

3500

_____ cal = 1 lb of body fat

Catabolism

_____ is a energy releasing process that breaks down reactions

glycogenolysis

_____ is the breakdown of glycogen to glucose

Gluconeogenesis

_____ is the formation of glucose from amino acids and fatty acids

metabolic rate

_____ is the total amount of energy produced/used per unit of time

metabolism

_____ is the total of all chemical changes that occur within the body

Acetyl CoA

_____ is what enters the kreb cycle

lipogenesis

_____ is when excess amino acids and glucose form lipids

absorption

_____ is when nutrients pass through all 4 tunics of gut to reach the hepatic portal vessel or lacteals

nutrient balance

_____ is when the amount of nutrients ingested is equal to the amount of nutrients excreted

essential

_____ nutrients must be ingested because the body cannot make them

postabsorptive state

_____ occurs after the absorptive state, stored molecules used for energy

interconversion of nutrients

_____ occurs primarily in the liver

95%

_____ of lipids are triglycerides, which are saturated and unsaturated fats

anabolism

_____ synthesizes reactions and is energy requiring

vitamins

______ are essential for normal metabolism and function as coenzyme; they are needed in small amounts

incomplete proteins

______ is a lack in 1 or more of the essential amino acids; primarily in plant products- potential problem for vegetarians

calorie

______ is a unit of heat content or energy; the quantity of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degrees Celsius

Ca++

______ is important for bone, muscle contraction, blood clotting, nerve and heart function

Iodine

______ is important for thyroid function

glycogenesis

______ is when excess glucose is used to form glycogen

digestion

______ it the mechanical/chemical breakdown of food into simple nutrients

Absoptive state

______ lasts about 4 hours after a meal and nutrients are absorbed through the intestines and utilized for energy

essential fatty acids

______ must be ingested and are used to synthesize prostaglandons

children

______ should have a positive nutrient balance because nutrients are needed for growth and protein synthesis

oxidative phosphorylation

______ uses the electron transport chain, where oxygen serves as a terminal electron acceptor, large quantities of ATP are produced

Hypervitaminosis

______is toxic levels of vitamins accumulate

exchange

a greater change in temperature causes a greater rate of heat _____

inactive moderately very active

amount of calories necessary based on activity level:

hypothalamus

body's "thermostat" is located withn the _____, which maintains body temperature around a "set point"

10%

saturated fats should be no more than _____ of total fat intake

body temperature

the ______ is a balance between heat gain and heat loss

12; 11

the amount of calories needed to maintain resting body function males= wt x _____ and women= wt x ____

34

the electron transport chain produces about ____ ATP

oxygen

the krebs cycle and ETC require _____

4; 2; 2

the krebs cycle and glycolysis produce a net of ____ ATP; ____ ATP in the kreb cycle and ____ in glycolysis

mitochondria

the krebs cycle occurs within the ____

glucose and fructose starch sucrose cellulose

the most common carbohydrates in the diet are ____ and _____, _____, _____, and _____

5%

the other _____ of lipids are cholesterol (animal product) and phospholipids (lecithin in egg yolk)

temperature

the rate of heat exchange depends upon ____ difference between body and surroundings

125-175

the recommended amount of carbohydrates is ______ g/day, complex rather than simple sugars are suggested

30%

the recommended amount of lipids is less than _____ of total caloric intake

.8

the recommended amount of protein in the diet is ____ g/kg body weight which is equivalent to 12% total calories

carbohydrates, lipids, protein, water, vitamins, minerals, and nucleic acids

the six classes of nutrients are:

9

there are ____ essential amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body

11

there are _____ nonessential amino acids that can be made by the body

C

vitamin ____ functions in collagen synthesis; protein metabolism

B12/Folic Acid

vitamin ____ functions in red blood cell synthesis

A

vitamin ____ functions in rhodopsin synthesis

A

vitamin ____ in toxic amounts can cause bone and muscle pain, skin disorders, hair loss, and increased liver size

D

vitamin _____ in toxic amounts can cause deposition of calcium in the kidneys, heart, and blood vessels

D

vitamin ____functions in Ca+/P metabolism (bone growth)

K

vitamin_____ functions in blood clotting

20

very active = wt x _____

4

carbohydrates digestion yeilds _____ cal/gram

60%

carbohydrates should account for ____ of daily intake of kilocalories

300

cholesterol is to be kept below ____ mg/day

milk, meats, eggs, and cheese

examples of complete proteins are primary animal products such as:

2; 2; 2

during glycolysis, ____ ATP, ____NADH, and _____ pyruvate are made

2; NADH and FADH2

during the krebs cycle, _____ ATP are produced along with _____ and ____

70-110

during the postabsorptive state blood sugar should be ______ mg/100ml

calories

energy available in foods is released through metabolism and is measured in _____

metabolism

heat is produced through _____

30%

lipids should account for _____ or less of the total daily kilocalories

anabolism and catabolism

metabolism categories are:

4

protein digestion yields ____ cal/gram

Essential and nonessential amino acids

proteins are classified as _____ and _____:

10%

proteins should account for ____ of total kilocalories per day

NADH and Acetyl CoA

pyruvate is broken down into ______ and _____