Chapter 25: Nutrition, Metabolism, and Temperature Regulation
complete protein
a _____ contains all adequate amounts of the 9 essential amino acids
cytoplasm
glycolysis occurs within the _____
radiative cooling conduction convention evaporation
heat is exchanged through _____, ____, ____, and ____
10
inactive = wt x ____
9
lipid digestion yeilds _____ cal/gram
15
moderately active = wt x _____
oxygen
glycolysis occurs with or without ____, but without it lactate accumulates
water soluble and lipid soluble
2 classes of vitamins:
absorptive and postabsorptive states
2 major metabolic states are:
Cholesterol and saturated fats
____ and ____ promote coronary artery disease
minerals
____ are obtained from animal and plant sources, are inorganic, and are necessary for normal metabolic rate
sodium/potassium
____ is important for osmotic balance and irritability of Cell membrane
Cellulose
____ is nondigestible, "bulk," and aids in GI motility
Fe
____ is part of hemoglobin
water soluble
____ vitamins are the B, C, and all the others. They remain a short time in the body and excess is quickly excreted from the body
lipid soluble
____ vitamins are the K, A, D, and E vitamins and can cross the cell membrane and can accumulate in toxic amounts
linoleic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
_____ and ____ are examples of essential fatty acids
nutrients
_____ are chemicals used by the body to produce energy, provide building blocks or function in other chemical reactions
3500
_____ cal = 1 lb of body fat
Catabolism
_____ is a energy releasing process that breaks down reactions
glycogenolysis
_____ is the breakdown of glycogen to glucose
Gluconeogenesis
_____ is the formation of glucose from amino acids and fatty acids
metabolic rate
_____ is the total amount of energy produced/used per unit of time
metabolism
_____ is the total of all chemical changes that occur within the body
Acetyl CoA
_____ is what enters the kreb cycle
lipogenesis
_____ is when excess amino acids and glucose form lipids
absorption
_____ is when nutrients pass through all 4 tunics of gut to reach the hepatic portal vessel or lacteals
nutrient balance
_____ is when the amount of nutrients ingested is equal to the amount of nutrients excreted
essential
_____ nutrients must be ingested because the body cannot make them
postabsorptive state
_____ occurs after the absorptive state, stored molecules used for energy
interconversion of nutrients
_____ occurs primarily in the liver
95%
_____ of lipids are triglycerides, which are saturated and unsaturated fats
anabolism
_____ synthesizes reactions and is energy requiring
vitamins
______ are essential for normal metabolism and function as coenzyme; they are needed in small amounts
incomplete proteins
______ is a lack in 1 or more of the essential amino acids; primarily in plant products- potential problem for vegetarians
calorie
______ is a unit of heat content or energy; the quantity of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degrees Celsius
Ca++
______ is important for bone, muscle contraction, blood clotting, nerve and heart function
Iodine
______ is important for thyroid function
glycogenesis
______ is when excess glucose is used to form glycogen
digestion
______ it the mechanical/chemical breakdown of food into simple nutrients
Absoptive state
______ lasts about 4 hours after a meal and nutrients are absorbed through the intestines and utilized for energy
essential fatty acids
______ must be ingested and are used to synthesize prostaglandons
children
______ should have a positive nutrient balance because nutrients are needed for growth and protein synthesis
oxidative phosphorylation
______ uses the electron transport chain, where oxygen serves as a terminal electron acceptor, large quantities of ATP are produced
Hypervitaminosis
______is toxic levels of vitamins accumulate
exchange
a greater change in temperature causes a greater rate of heat _____
inactive moderately very active
amount of calories necessary based on activity level:
hypothalamus
body's "thermostat" is located withn the _____, which maintains body temperature around a "set point"
10%
saturated fats should be no more than _____ of total fat intake
body temperature
the ______ is a balance between heat gain and heat loss
12; 11
the amount of calories needed to maintain resting body function males= wt x _____ and women= wt x ____
34
the electron transport chain produces about ____ ATP
oxygen
the krebs cycle and ETC require _____
4; 2; 2
the krebs cycle and glycolysis produce a net of ____ ATP; ____ ATP in the kreb cycle and ____ in glycolysis
mitochondria
the krebs cycle occurs within the ____
glucose and fructose starch sucrose cellulose
the most common carbohydrates in the diet are ____ and _____, _____, _____, and _____
5%
the other _____ of lipids are cholesterol (animal product) and phospholipids (lecithin in egg yolk)
temperature
the rate of heat exchange depends upon ____ difference between body and surroundings
125-175
the recommended amount of carbohydrates is ______ g/day, complex rather than simple sugars are suggested
30%
the recommended amount of lipids is less than _____ of total caloric intake
.8
the recommended amount of protein in the diet is ____ g/kg body weight which is equivalent to 12% total calories
carbohydrates, lipids, protein, water, vitamins, minerals, and nucleic acids
the six classes of nutrients are:
9
there are ____ essential amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body
11
there are _____ nonessential amino acids that can be made by the body
C
vitamin ____ functions in collagen synthesis; protein metabolism
B12/Folic Acid
vitamin ____ functions in red blood cell synthesis
A
vitamin ____ functions in rhodopsin synthesis
A
vitamin ____ in toxic amounts can cause bone and muscle pain, skin disorders, hair loss, and increased liver size
D
vitamin _____ in toxic amounts can cause deposition of calcium in the kidneys, heart, and blood vessels
D
vitamin ____functions in Ca+/P metabolism (bone growth)
K
vitamin_____ functions in blood clotting
20
very active = wt x _____
4
carbohydrates digestion yeilds _____ cal/gram
60%
carbohydrates should account for ____ of daily intake of kilocalories
300
cholesterol is to be kept below ____ mg/day
milk, meats, eggs, and cheese
examples of complete proteins are primary animal products such as:
2; 2; 2
during glycolysis, ____ ATP, ____NADH, and _____ pyruvate are made
2; NADH and FADH2
during the krebs cycle, _____ ATP are produced along with _____ and ____
70-110
during the postabsorptive state blood sugar should be ______ mg/100ml
calories
energy available in foods is released through metabolism and is measured in _____
metabolism
heat is produced through _____
30%
lipids should account for _____ or less of the total daily kilocalories
anabolism and catabolism
metabolism categories are:
4
protein digestion yields ____ cal/gram
Essential and nonessential amino acids
proteins are classified as _____ and _____:
10%
proteins should account for ____ of total kilocalories per day
NADH and Acetyl CoA
pyruvate is broken down into ______ and _____