Chapter 26 metabolism

Coenzymes

After enzymes remove electron, the hydrogen atoms are transferred to what?

Redox reaction

An oxidation reaction paired with a reduction reaction.

Coenzymes for glucose catabolism

Assist in producing energy ATP, complex to glucose to ATP.

Adenine triphosphate

Body's most important energy transfer molecule. Need this for cells to function. Stores energy gained from glucose breakdown.

Metabolic pathway

Chain of reactions with each step usually catalyze by a different enzyme.

Reduction

Chemical reaction in which a molecule gains electrons and electrons.

Catabolism

Decomposition reactions. Molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Energy releasing- produces atp. Ex: digestion

Electrons

Enzymes remove what from intermediate compounds.

Use ATP to make more

How do you produce more atp?

Cofactors

Non protein partners to enzymes. Binding to an enzyme to assist in activating biological enzymes.

Mitochondria

Organelle specialized in making ATP. Double unit membrane with an inner/outer.

Coenzymes

Organic cofactors, accept electrons from one metabolic pathway and transfers them to another enzyme to another.

Aerobic respiration

Oxidizes pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide and water, presence of oxygen, breaks pyruvic into co2 & h2o. Matrix/membrane reaction and produces the most ATP.

Phosphorylation

Phosphate groups released by ATP are added to enzymes to activate them. Adding/removing phosphates

Enzymes

Proteins that function as catalyst, enable biochemical reactions to occur rapidly at normal body temperature.

Anaerobic fermentation

Reduces pyruvic acid to lactic acid, absence of oxygen, lactic acid produces toxic, occurs when body has no O2, replenish ADP.

Metabolism

The sum of all the chemical reactions in the body. Process of energy and use.

Glycolysis

Glucose oxidation "sugar splitting ", glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid, produces two ATP.

Matrix

In the inner membrane of mitochondria, in the space between cristae.

Cristae

In the inner membrane of mitochondria, project like shelves across.

Anabolism

Makes large molecules from smaller ones. Energy consuming. Example: sugar formed in glycogen.

Oxidation

Chemical reaction in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy.

Large carbon chains

What are large organic cofactors?

Nad+, fad, vitamin b

What are the coenzymes for glucose catabolism? What are they derived from?

Glycolysis, anaerobic fermentation, and aerobic respiration

What are the main pathways of glucose catabolism?

Adenine, ribose, three phosphate groups

What is ATP's structure?