Chapter 27 Learning Curve Questions

When did the Panamanian Canal open?

1914

By 1900, how much of the population in the United States lived in cities?

40 percent

What is the meaning of the term "caudillismo"?

A form of leadership characterized by strong charismatic leaders who ruled through personal power and loyalty

Who did Paraguay fight in the War of the Triple Alliance?

Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay

What was the main dispute between the United States and Spain in 1898?

Control over Cuba and the Philippines

What did William Walker do to advance U.S. interests in Nicaragua?

He installed himself as president.

Why, after 1890, did the United States seek to expand its influence abroad?

Its frontier was closed.

In 1893, a group of New York investors bought the foreign debt of which of these nations?

The Dominican Republic

What treaty ended the Mexican-American War?

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Under the terms of the treaty, Mexico ceded half of its territory to the United States.

The large landed estates created in Argentina and elsewhere were known as

latifundios.

When did the British government declare an end to the Atlantic slave trade?

1808

In what year did Brazil abolish slavery?

1888 making Brazil the last state to abolish slavery in America

How did the British government enforce its ban on the Atlantic slave trade in the early 1800s?

A British naval squadron patrolled the Atlantic.

What was the Isthmian Canal Convention of 1904?

A U.S.-Panamanian treaty to give the United States permanent control over the canal and surrounding territory

What feature characterized Brazil's political culture after the country won independence in the nineteenth century?

A liberal constitution The Brazilian monarchy accepted a liberal constitution after independence and established a relatively stable parliamentary system.

What was anarcho-syndicalism?

A radical ideology envisioning an egalitarian community ruled by workers' unions

Which of the following statements reflects liberalism in the United States in the late eighteenth century?

An ideology that mainly served and protected oligarchs Liberalism preserved slavery and allowed the wealthy landowners and industrialists to concentrate power.

Where was settlement of Africans as slaves (in the Americas) typically the greatest?

Areas that relied on plantation agriculture Plantations were an unusual type of farming, sustained by African slavery, in which large tracts of land were devoted to a single crop, especially sugar, coffee, tobacco, and cotton.

By what process did Argentina open up lands in Patagonia to sale for ranchers in the 1880s?

Argentine troops took the land from the Mapuche Indians.

What was the primary intention of the Emancipation Proclamation issued by President Lincoln in 1863?

As leverage to bring rebel states back into the union The Emancipation Proclamation was not intended to abolish slavery altogether, but freed only slaves in those states that had seceded.

What does the term "manifest destiny" refer to in terms of U.S. history?

Belief that the United States was destined to cover the continent Journalist John O'Sullivan coined the term "manifest destiny," a belief that God had foreordained the nation to cover the entire continent, from its original Atlantic states to the Pacific Ocean.

Why did it take Argentina and Brazil five years (1865-1870) to defeat tiny Paraguay?

Both Argentina and Brazil were economically and politically weak states.

Which South American state encouraged immigration from southern Europe?

Brazil

Which country had the largest Japanese community outside of Japan in 1920?

Brazil Large numbers of Japanese arrived in Brazil in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

What was the character of Brazilian land law in the nineteenth century?

Brazil restricted land ownership in order to keep slaves or free workers from setting up their own farms.

Which major European power created a neocolonial position for itself in Brazil?

Britain Britain forced Brazil to honor Portugal's debt and signed with it a "Friendship Treaty," which guaranteed low tariffs for British goods and special privileges for the British.

Why were working conditions for immigrants so deplorable in late-nineteenth-century America?

Business owners resisted what they saw as costly safety measures.

Why did independence movements proceed more slowly in colonies where the slave population was the largest?

Colonial elites were concerned that the Haitian experience of slave revolt awaited them.

Who made the first attempt to build a canal from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean?

Cornelius Vanderbilt

What were the conditions faced by laborers working on the railroads in the United States?

Death-related accidents were common.

Why did the American Revolution not result in the end of slavery?

Framers' strong belief in property rights

By 1900, what was the largest minority in the population of Canada?

French Canadians

What was the legacy of U.S. military rule in places like Haiti and Nicaragua in the early twentieth century?

Government by dictatorship not popular consent

Which of the following countries were ruled by the U.S. Marines in the early twentieth century?

Haiti and Nicaragua and The Dominican Republic

What were the consequences of the War of the Triple Alliance for Paraguay?

Half its population was decimated including most adult men. Despite the intensive training of the military, Paraguay's opponents were much larger, and the war was devastating.

What type of government did General Iturbide create after freeing Mexico from Spain?

He proclaimed himself emperor in 1822.

Which group of immigrants provided a significant part of the labor to build the railroads?

Irish Chinese, Scandinavian, and Irish immigrants laid much of the railroad track in the United States.

What was one the weaknesses of liberalism in Latin America in the nineteenth century?

It created pressures on rural workers and indigenous communities in favor of foreign investment and economic growth.

What was the Roosevelt Corollary?

It gave the United States the right to intervene to correct wrongdoings in its neighboring countries.

How did the Lerdo Law (1856) bring liberal reform to Mexico?

It prevented groups or institutions from owning large tracts of land. Under the Lerdo Law, "corporate lands" were banished and large groups such as the Catholic Church were not allowed to own land.

What was the significance of the Monroe Doctrine (1823)?

It proclaimed that the United States would keep Europe out of Latin America. It implied that Latin America was part of the U.S. sphere of influence.

How did U.S. imperialism emulate that of Britain and France?

It reflected the growing importance of overseas trade.

After the Civil War, how did the United States re-establish its influence in Mexico?

It supported Juárez against the French while flooding Mexico with armaments.

Why did the United States support the Panamanian insurrection against Colombia in 1903?

It wanted to negotiate with the new Panamanian government favorable terms to build and control a canal.

What was the significance of the Battle of the Alamo in 1836?

It was a rare and short-lived Mexican victory in the failed effort to retake Texas.

What were the "free womb laws" in the Americas?

Laws that granted freedom to children of slaves "Free womb laws" were often a first step in the abolition of slavery.

The term "Porfiriato" refers to the regime of Porfirio Díaz in what country?

Mexico

How did the arrival of the Portuguese royal family in 1808 affect Brazil?

Modernization began to occur throughout Brazil. It was only with the arrival of the imperial court that Brazil gained its first printing press, library, and military and naval academies, as well as schools for engineering, medicine, law, and the arts.

Where did the massive scale of plantation agriculture and slavery originate?

Northeastern Brazil

Why did Brazil's Emperor Pedro II fail to abolish slavery?

Pedro II feared that if he upset the planters they would force him from power.

Old Protestant suspicions and antagonisms were directed against which immigrant group in the United States in the late nineteenth century?

Roman Catholics Many of the new arrivals from Ireland, Italy, and other countries were Roman Catholic, reviving long-standing Protestant prejudices.

What helped create the relative stability in Brazil from 1808 to 1889?

Rule by a constitutional monarchy

Which group in society lost the most when Latin American countries re-entered the world economy in the late nineteenth century?

Rural peasants

What types of labor policies governed the U.S. construction of the Panama Canal?

Segregationist policies

What do scholars suggest about the African slave diaspora in the Americas?

Several key factors shaped the experience of slaves and their descendants in the Americas. - Africans within the diaspora faced common challenges

What was one of the hardships for female slaves who worked in domestic service?

Sexual abuse

Why were slaves freed soon after independence in Spanish America?

Slaves and free blacks were promised freedom in return for supporting various rival factions.

Which description characterizes Canada's population around 1900?

Small and mainly rural

What happened to land ownership in Mexico by the twentieth century?

Speculators bought large tracts of land, and few peasants owned their own land.

In what region of Mexico did the Mexican government encourage American settlers to occupy starting in the 1820s, ultimately resulting in war in the 1840s?

Texas In the 1820s settlers from the U.S. South petitioned the Mexican government for land grants in the province of Texas; in return they would adopt Mexican citizenship. The U.S. government encouraged these settlers to declare the independence of Texas in 1836.

Why did Chinese laborers stop coming to the United States in the 1880s?

The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 denied their entrance into the country.

In which of the following regions of Latin America did the United States mostly flex its military might in the early twentieth century?

The Circum-Caribbean Between 1898 and 1932 the U.S. government intervened militarily thirty-four times in ten nations in the Caribbean and Central America to extend and protect its economic interests.

Which of these was a consequence of Benito Juárez's victory over the French and Maximilian?

The Mexican republic was restored. As a result of Juárez's victory, the Mexican republic was restored and the conservatives were completely discredited.

What event is commemorated in Mexico's celebrations of "Cinco de Mayo"?

The Mexican victory against the French at the city of Puebla

Which law began the process of abolition in Cuba?

The Moret Law of 1870

Prior to the Civil War, in what ways did the American North and South differ from each other?

The North was more industrial than the South.

What country provided most of the capital and technology that fueled the late nineteenth-century export boom in Circum-Caribbean?

The United States Britain and the United States were the major investors in the Americas.

Which two governments in the Americas hoped to settle their land and in the process create a class of small farmers?

The United States and Argentina

Which group did the Díaz regime favor with rewards and autonomy?

The cientificos, or technocrats The cientificos were the engineers, agronomists, and other experts upon whom Díaz relied for his modernization program.

What is the meaning of the term "Circum-Caribbean"?

The land that bound the Caribbean in Central America, southern North America, and northern South America

How did the 1871 Brazilian law granting freedom to children born to slaves actually help plantation owners make money?

The law stipulated that children were to be apprenticed to the mother's master, freeing him from having to pay for the children's care.

Who proclaimed Brazil's independence from Portuguese control?

The son of the Portuguese emperor

In Brazil, why did military officers and liberal opponents of the war with Paraguay eventually come to an alliance to create a republic?

They both concluded that a monarchy that relied on slavery made Brazil a backward nation.

How did the influx of immigrants affect the growth and development of industry in Latin America?

They brought a variety of skills that stimulated expansion. For instance, immigrants from Italy and Spain stimulated the expansion of the cattle industry; in Brazil, Swiss immigrants brought cheese making; and Japanese farmers made the country self-sufficient in rice production.

How did radical southern European workers affect the industrial climate in Argentina?

They quickly clashed with authorities, who in turn suppressed unions. As a result of this clash, bosses and political leaders further resisted reform such as minimum wages, restrictions on child labor, and safety regulations.

A U.S.-Panamanian treaty to give the United States permanent control over the canal and surrounding territory

They were aimed at placating abolitionists without changing the economic reliance on slave labor.

Which of the following statements describes the great majority of immigrants who came to Latin America in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

They were predominantly male, and their intermarriage with women from other groups increased racial mixing.

What was the fate of the native peoples as Canada's development increased in the early twentieth century?

They were pushed aside by development plans, and the native population dropped by half or more during the nineteenth century. Many natives succumbed to the newcomers' diseases. By 1900 there were only about 127,000 indigenous people left in Canada.

Which of these was a goal of La Reforma in mid-nineteenth-century Mexico?

To make individuals equal under the law Liberal reformers sought to make all individuals equal under the law and established property ownership as a basic right and national goal.

What was President Lincoln's stated intention when he declared war on the states that seceded from the Union in 1860?

To preserve the territorial integrity of the United States

Why did Theodore Roosevelt send the Marines to the Dominican Republic in 1903?

To protect the investments of U.S. firms

Why did Paraguay fight the War of the Triple Alliance?

To secure its use of Uruguay's Atlantic port in Montevideo

What tested the political compromise on slavery between the U.S. North and South?

Westward expansion Westward expansion tested the political compromise on slavery. Armed confrontations erupted in Kansas over whether that territory should enter the union as a free or slave state.

Which types of production dominated the Canadian economy in the early twentieth century?

Wheat and wood

Which of the following factors would play an important role in shaping the conditions of slavery?

Whether Africans constituted a majority of the population or whether they were a minority in the region

Agustín de Iturbide and Maximilian of Habsburg were alike in that both were

emperors of Mexico. These two men were Mexico's only emperors. Agustín reigned from 1822 to 1823. Maximilian was emperor from 1864 to 1867.

After African slavery ended, thousands of South Asians and Chinese came to the Caribbean, Mexico, and South America to work as

indentured servants.

During La Reforma, one thing liberals like Benito Juárez attacked was

the Catholic Church. The 1855 Juárez Law abolished old privileges of the clergy. The Lerdo Law of the following year attacked church lands.