chapter 27 thorax and abdomen
constipation
-numerous causes of constipation, the most common of which are lack of abdominal muscle tone; insufficient moisture in the feces, causing it to be hard and dry; lack of a sufficient proportion of roughage and bulk in the diet to stimulate peristalsis; poor bowel habits; nervousness and anxiety; and overuse of laxatives and enemas
stitch in the side
-possible causes are constipation, intestinal gas, overeating, diaphragmatic spasm as a result of poor conditioning, lack of visceral support because of weak abdominal muscles, distended spleen, breathing techniques that lead to a lack of oxygen in the diaphragm, ischemia of either the diaphragm or the intercostal muscles, and a fluid-engorged gut that tugs on visceral ligaments.
costochondral separation and dislocation
MOI direct blow to anterolateral aspect of thorax or indirectly from a sudden twist or fall on a ball that compresses the rib cage, displays many signs similar to rib fracture, except pain is localized in junction of rib cartilage and rib
flail chest
a fracture of three or more consecutive ribs on the same side
kidney contusion
an external force usually one applied to the patients back
hemothorax
blood enters the pleural space instead of air
what happens with the heart of commotion cordis
blow during a narrow window within the depolarization phase of the cardiac cycle, 15-30 sec prior to the peak of the T wave
Rib contusions
blow to the rib cage can contuse intercostal muscles or if severe enough produce a fracture
contusion of the ureters bladder and urethra
blunt force to the lower abdominal region avulses a ureter or contuses or ruptures the urinary bladder
hernia
can be congenital or acquired hernia occurs when weakness is further aggravated by either a strain or direct blow
appendicitis
caused by a variety of conditions such as a fecal obstruction lymph swelling or carcinoid tumor
abnormal heart
caused by blood flowing through a damaged heart valve
rib fracture
caused by either direct or indirect traumas and can infrequently be the result of violent muscular contractions
diarrhea
caused by problems in the diet, inflammation of the intestinal lining, GI infection, the ingestion of certain drugs and psychogenic factors
scrotal contusion
direct blow
blow to the solar plexus
direct blow- SP
contusion
direct blows or sudden torsion of the athletes trunk
indigestion
emotional stress, esophageal and stomach spasms and inflammation of the mucous lining of the esophagus and stomach
hyperventilation
excessively rapid rate of ventilation usually due to anxiety induced stress or asthma gradually develops a decreased amount of carbon dioxide in the blood
functional murmur
exists in the absence of any organic disease in the heart
injury of the spleen
fall or a direct blow to the left upper quadrant
contusion of the abdominal wall
force is blunt or penetrating
liver contusion
heard blow
sternum fracture
high impact blow to the chest may also cause contusion to the underlying cardiac muscle
open pneumothorax
if pneumothorax is caused by air entering the pleural space through an open wound in the chest wall
runners nipples
in which the shirt rubs the nipples and causes an abrasion
rib tip syndrome
involves ribs 8 9 10 because these ribs are attached to each other by fibrous tissue and not by costal cartilage, if these connections are damaged or even ruptured as a result of trauma the ribs can slip and impinge on the intercostal nerve producing pain it is most common in contact sports
GI bleeding
iron deficiency anemia, ingestion of aspirin or other anti-inflammatory agents stress bowel irritation and colitis
vomitting
irritation stimulates the vomiting center in the brain to cause a sweres of forceful contractions of the diaphragm and abdominal muscles thus compressing the stomach and forcefully expelling the contents
heart concussion
occur when the heart is compressed between the sternum and the spine by a strong outside force
muscle strains
over stretched twisting motion
tension pneumothorax
pressure build up by the trapped air may begin to compress the heart large vessels and opposite lung
commotion cordis
syndrome that occurs from a traumatic blunt impact to the chest resulting in cardiac arrest
kidney stones
unknown
traumatic asphyxia
violent blow to or a compression of the rib cage that causes a cessation of breathing
breast injury
violent up and down and lateral movements of the breast constant uncontrolled movement of the breast over a period of time can stretch the coopers ligament
pneumothorax
when air accumulates in the pleural space the lung collapses
cystitis and UTI
wiping incorrectly from back to front after a bowel movement, it can also occur due to frequent or rough sexual intercourse or other activities that push bacteria into the bladder