Chapter 28 HW
Vessel elements are more efficient at transporting water than tracheids because ________.
Vessel elements are wide
The conspicuous part of a fern plant is a _________.
a diploid sporophyte
Nonvascular plants (informally called bryophytes) generally live very close to the ground, sprawling out rather than growing upward. This growth form is due to their thin body parts and lack of vascular structures that would support upward growth. Three phyla of bryophytes exist today: liverworts, hornworts, and mosses. Label the structures on this diagram of a moss.
a)sporophyte b)seta c)sporangium d)foot e)gametophyte f)rhiziod
In pines, the female gametophyte contains _______, each of which contains a(n) ________.
archegonia ... egg
The living plants that are most similar to the first plants to bear gametangia are the __________.
bryophytes
The major function of the medicinal compounds in plants is to __________.
defend the plant against herbivores
Vascular plants are divided into two main groups: seedless vascular plants, including ferns and club mosses; and seed plants. The seed plants are further divided into gymnosperms (seed plants that do not produce flowers) and angiosperms (seed plants that produce flowers). Indicate whether each description applies to a specific group of gymnosperms or to all gymnosperms
-Cycads only Have palmike leaves -ginkgos only only one living species today leaves have fanlike appearance -gnetophytes only includes three genera that vary greatly in appearance -conifers only redwoods pines all species produce cones -All gymnosperms undergo alternation of generations seeds do not form in an enclosed structure
Interpret the fern life cycle. True or False
-The fern stage on the left side of the cycle is the sporophyte. True -Meiosis forms the same type of cells in both ferns and humans False -The fern stage on the right side of the life cycle has one set of chromosomes per cell. True -All the life stages are drawn to the same scale. False -This life cycle shows alternation of generation. True -Ferns and humans use the same process to form gametes. False -The fern stage on the right side of the life cycle is single-celled. False -Ferns and humans use the same process to form a zygote True
Arrange the events in the life cycle of mosses in the flowchart below.
1)Mature sporophytes produce haploid spores, dispersed by the wind 2)separate spores develop into female and male gametophytes. 3)haploid eggs form in archegonia, and haploid sperm form in antheridia 4)haploid gametes undergo fertilization, forming a dipoloid zygote. 5)The diploid zygote develops into a sporophyte.
Plants evolved from green algae approximately _______ mya.
475
Red, brown, and some green algae exhibit alternation of generations. All land plants exhibit alternation of generations. No charophytes (stoneworts) exhibit alternation of generations. Keeping in mind the recent evidence indicating charophytes are the sister group to land plants, we can infer ____________.
Alternation of generations likely evolved independently in land plants as well as in red and brown algae
In moss, ______ produce sperm
Antheridia
Which arrow would be the best choice to connect the two life stages shown here?
Blue arrow mitosis
This is an image of a(n) ___________.
Charophycean
Which of these characteristics is shared by algae and seed plants?
Chloroplasts
Which of the following is a synapomorphy that defines all green algae and land plants
Chloroplasts containing chlorophylls a and b
Cuticle, stomata, and vascular tissue are all key adaptations enabling land plants to __________.
Colonize land
Which of these structures is diploid?
D
What impact will the loss of land plants have on the soil?
Decrease soil stability.
Which of these represents the sporophyte generation of the moss life cycle?
E
Which of these structures contains a male gametophyte?
E
_________ are an example of seedless vascular plants.
Ferns
As you stroll through a moist forest, you are most likely to see a ____________.
Gametophyte of a moss
The most direct ancestors of land plants were probably __________.
Green algae
Angiosperms are most closely related to _____________.
Gymnosperms
Which of these was the dominant plant group at the time that dinosaurs were the plant animal?
Gymnosperms
in the pine, microsporangia form __________ microspores by ________.
Haploid ... meiosis
You want to get rid of your cough and stuffy nose, and a friend offers you a cup of tea. After you drink the tea, you realize that you are feeling relief from your symptoms. What plant compound was most likely found in the tea?
Menthol
Which label would be the best choice for the two blue arrows originating from the gametophyte?
Mitosis
What does this symbol represent in terms of life cycles, and why is it drawn this way?
Multicellular organism: it is a simple way of drawing many cells to represent a multicellular life stage.
Alternation of generations occurs not only in land plants, but also in some protists and green algae. Does this life cycle show alternations of generations?
No, the life cycle does not include two multicellular stages.
Some green algae exhibit alternation of generations. All land plants exhibit alternation of generations. No charophytes (stoneworts) exhibit alternation of generations. Keeping in mind the recent evidence from molecular systematics, the correct interpretation of these observations is that ____________.
Plants evolved alternation of generations independently of charophytes.
A stoma consists of a _______.
Pore surrounded by specialized guard cells.
Which label would be the best choice for the cells on the right side of the arrow?
Spores
In the process of alternation of generations, the _________.
Sporophyte is diploid and produces spores.
About 450 mya, the terrestrial landscape on Earth would have __________.
had non-vascular green plants similar to liverworts forming green mats on rock
In pines, an embryo is a(n) _________.
immature sporophyte
According to the fossil record, plants colonized terrestrial habitats _________.
in conjunction with fungi that helped provide them with nutrients from the soil
Which of these statements is true about the gametophyte tissue that surrounds the pine embyro?
it functions as a haploid food reserve.
Which of the following occurs in vascular land plants but not charophytes (stoneworts)?
lignin
In pine trees, pollen grains get to the ovule via the ___________.
micropyle
In mosses gametes are produced by _____; in terms gametes are produced by _______.
mitosis ... mitosis
in mosses gametes are produced by __________; in ferns gametes are produced by _________.
mitosis ... mitosis
The sperm produced by mosses require _________ to reach an archegonium
moisture
Where do fern antheridia develop?
on the underside of the gametophyte
Of the four haploid cells produced by a pine cone's megasporocyte ( megaspore mother cell), _________ survive(s).
one
Fruit most important in facilitating ________.
seed dispersal
Which of these are spore-producing structures?
sporophyte (capsule) of a moss
